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COMPLETE GUIBE 



TO THE ACQUISITION OF 



iifrastt's iptwiw JprlpK^ 



BY ELIAS LONGLEY. 



CINCINNATI: 

LONGLEY BROTHERS, PHONETIC PUBLISHERS, 
168| VINE ST., BETWEEN FOURTH AND FIFTH. 

— AND FOR SALE BY — \ 

Otis CTspp, Boston; Fowlers & Wells, New York; Fowlers, Wells (i 

& Co., Philadelphia; John T. Shryock, Pittsburg; S. D. J*s 

Newbro, Lansing, Mich.; E. H. Spaulding, St. Louis: ^-T 

R. Spaulding, Dubuque, Iowa; J. B. New- (°\) 
comb, Elgin, 111.; and may be ordered 
of Booksellers generally. 

1857. 





Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, 

BY LONGLEY BROTHERS. 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the 

Southern District of Ohio. 




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In preparing this Manual of Phonetic Shorthand, the 
author has had one leading object in view, namely: to fur- 
nish a means for acquiring speedily a correct and practical 
knowledge of the much coveted art. The books that have 
heretofore been used have all answered a good purpose; but 
they have, with one exception probably, been rendered com- 
paratively obsolete by the introduction into the system of two 
or three important improvements. These are incorporated 
into the present work, by which it is rendered a reliable and 
permanent text-book. 

In one important particular this treatise differs from all 
others heretofore published; namely, the exercises to be 
written by the pupil are printed in phonetic spelling.* By 
this arrangement three important advantages are gained: 
First: the learner will be made acquainted with the philoso- 
phy and utility of phonetic spelling as applied to printing, 
and will generally be so well pleased with it as to become its 
ardent advocate. Second; in writing his exercises the pupil 
will be enabled to transcribe the words into Phonographv 
more readily, for learners are very apt to be troubled by try- 
ing to get as many letters into their phonographic words as 
the old spelling contains, and thus make blunders; and, from 
inexperience in the analysis of words, there is great liability 
of inaccurate vocalization; but by writing from the words 
printed phonetically both of these difficulties will be avoided. 
Third: the familiarity with Phonotypy thus acquired will also 

*An edition is also printed, in which the exercises to be written are in 
the common spelling, for the accommodation of such persons as do not 
wish to give any attention to phonotypy. That will be designated as 
the romanic edition: this as the photiotyoic, which will always he sent, 
in filling orders, unless the other is specified. 



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iv PREFACE. 

be of service to the phonographic student hereafter, in ena- 
bling him to read with ease such phonetic books and papers 
as he may meet with elsewhere. 

In support of the utility of this feature we might give the 
testimony of scores of phonographic teachers and hundreds 
of private learners; but the following from Henry M. Park- 
hurst, the distinguished Congressional Reporter, will suffice 
here: "One phonographer thoroughly imbued with the spirit 
of the Spelling Reform, is worth more than a dozen who 
have merely taken a course of lessons. Indeed, I rather 
think there is more hope of a man who has never heard of 
Phonography, than of one who has learned it without learn- 
ing Phonotypy." 

Another leading feature is such an arrangement of the les- 
sons that no word, or class of words, is required to be written 
until the principle has been explained by which they are 
written in their most approved forms. By this means, the 
student is not compelled to spend his time in learning to 
write certain words, and then suffer the discouragement of 
having to drop and forget the forms thus learned, and famil- 
iarize himself with new and better ones. What is once 
learned in this book, remains a fixed fact with the pupil in all 
his after use of the system. There are hundreds of persons, 
who, having studied Phonography through what was called 
the " learner's style," have not yet been able to drop it and 
adopt the advanced and more practical style of writing; but 
they will have to do it before they can be recognized as good 
phonographic writers; and the unlearning of their present 
lengthy and awkward forms for words, added to the new forms 
they must learn, is fully equal to learning the system from 
the beginning. 

In consequence of this progressive arrangement, the exer- 
cises to be written necessarily possess an imperfect style of 
composition. And the words in each exercise being confined 
as much as possible to the illustration of the principle just 
introduced, renders necessary a resort to many circuitous ex- 



PREFACE. V 

pressions for the development of an idea; this harshness and 
quaintness, however, diminishes as successive lessons are 
mastered. 

The Review at the close of each lesson is a new feature, 
and will be of great assistance to the teacher, especially to 
the inexperienced, in questioning his class as to what they 
have gone over; it wi 1 ! also be useful to tbe private learner, 
filling the place, almost, of an oral instructor. The questions 
may be asked the class either collectively or individually; the 
latter is generally the better way. It would be well, as often 
as convenient, to have the pupils illustrate their answers on 
the black-board. 

Immediately following the explanation of each new prin- 
ciple is a Reading Exercise, embracing, as much as possible, 
words illustrative of the preceding text. This is followed jv 
an Exercise for Writing, which should be written before p'j- 
gressing further, while the manner in which the words are to 
be formed are fresh in the mind. Then, at the close of each 
lesson, is a general Writing Exercise, embodying, beside the 
principles just presented, all that has previously been learned. 
This should be written by each pupil, during the interval be- 
tween the meetings of the class; and at the next recitation, 
the pupils should exchange their manuscripts with each 
other, and then read, each a sentence in turn, from their 
written exercises. They might then be passed to the teacher 
for his correction. 

The author would acknowledge his indebtedness to the 
Phonographic Class-book of Anrrews & Boyle, the first text- 
book of the system published in America, for many of his 
most appropriate illustrations; and to the Phonographic In- 
structor, by James C. Boothe, the more recent work generally 
used, for numerous sentences, and, in a few cases, whole par- 
agraphs of exercises for reading and writing. 

For the expression of some of the following "Advantages 
of Phonography," he is indebted to Prof. Gouraud, the author 
of a work but little known, entitled " Cosmo- Phonography" 



- 



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Phonography has been defined as a philosophical method 
of writing the English language, with an alphabet composed 
of the simplest geometrical signs, which accurately represent 
the sounds of spoken words. It may be written six times as 
fast as the ordinary longhand, and is equally legible. Aside 
from the scientific propriety of the system, as made manifest 
in the Introduction which follows, the following practical 
advantages are worthy of consideration: 

1. To professors of scientific and literary institutions — to 
gentlemen of the bench or the bar — to legislators in the halls 
of representation — to ministers of religion — to lecturers on 
the various arts and sciences — it presents the most invalu- 
able aid, in enabling them to arrange, condense, and fix their 
thoughts, facts, arguments and proofs, in the briefest period 
of time and the shortest possible space, presenting, in the 
condensed schedule of a small page, a full and complete syn- 
opsis of their most elaborate speeches, orations, or discourses. 

2. By its aid, the advocates in the courts of justice or the 
halls of trial, will be enabled to write, with ease and accu- 
racy, either the full depositions of important witnesses, or the 
facts, proofs, evidences, and arguments of legal opponents, 
and thus be in a position, not only to meet them with readi- 
ness and strength, but eventually to thoroughly overthrow 
and refute them. 

3. The student in the halls of science can transcribe with 
faithfulness, and preserve in the smallest compass, the valu- 
able lessons of professors, and thus preserve, for the medita- 
tion of his leisure hours, a connected wJwle, instead of broken, 
detached, and uncertain fragments, that often serve to con- 
fuse, bewilder, or perplex. 

4. Merchants, and clerks of mercantile houses, to whom 
time and space are really a desideratum, will find Phonography 
a most invaluable auxiliary; as the ease with which it can 



(vi) 



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ADVANTAGES OF PHONOGRAPHY. vii 

be learned and acquired, and the facility and readiness with 
which it can be written and read, will enable them to tran- 
scribe their accounts, to note their memoranda, to post up 
their bills, and even to conduct their correspondence, in less 
than one-fifth of the ordinary time, and in a considerable re- 
duction of the ordinary space; and as " time is money" it 
presents to them indeed a most invaluable gain. 

5. To the author, editor, or general writer — to the orator, 
legislator, or minister — how invaluable must it be, when they 
reflect how many of their most brilliant thoughts and most 
glowing conceptions, how many of the most sparkling gems 
of their imaginations and the most radiant pearls of their 
thoughts, that in moments of genius and enthusiasm flash 
like electric sparks from the mind, are forever lost for the 
want of some Daguerrean process, like the one we present, 
to catch and transfix them on the wing, recording them on 
the glowing page in all the freshness, vigor, and brilliancy of 
their first conception, as rapidly as they are presented to the 
mind! and for the lack of which, alas! like the dazzling flash 
of the evanescent meteor, they fade and expire as rapidly as 
they are kindled, and leave but the indistinct memory of their 
trace behind. 

6. A practical acquaintance with this art is highly favor- 
able to the improvement of the mind, invigorating all its fac- 
ulties, and drawing forth all its resources. The close atten- 
tion requisite in following the voice of the speaker (in report- 
ing) induces habits of patience, perseverance and watchful- 
ness, which will gradually extend, till they form habits that 
will be found useful through life. The close attention to the 
words and thoughts of the speaker which is necessary in 
writing them down, will naturally have a tendency to endue 
the mind with quickness of apprehension and distinctness of 
perception, whereby the judgment w r ill be strengthened and 
the taste refined. 

7. The memory is also improved by the practice of Pho- 
nography. The necessity for the writer to retain in his 



Viii ADVANTAGES OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

mind the last sentence of the speaker, while he is attending 
at the same time to what follows, and also to penning down 
his words, must be highly beneficial to that faculty, which is 
more than any other improved by exercise. It draws out 
and improves all the faculties of the mind. 

"Phonography," says Messrs. Fowlers & Wells, "we re- 
gard as one of the most important inventions of the age, and 
one which should be open to every person desirous of being 
considered educated. As a system of reporting, general cor- 
respondence, and memoranda, it is unparalleled in usefulness. 
In chirography, it is what the telegraphs are in agencies for 
transmitting thought. We employ three reporters, one in 
our office and two who travel with lecturers from our house. 
In ten minutes we can dictate an article for publication which 
we could not compose and write in two hours; besides it con- 
tains more spirit and freshness than if labored through at the 
slow pace of ordinary composition. Every scholar should by 
all means learn it." 

Professor Hart, Principal of the Philadelphia High School, 
says: " Phonography has been introduced into this institu- 
tion two years and a half, and has been learned by about 
four hundred. Two hundred are studying it now. It is one 
of the regular branches of the course, being attended to three 
times a week during the whole of the first year. Had I not 
supposed it to be of much practical value, I should not have 
urged its introduction, a measure which I have seen no occa- 
sion to regret. Such of our students as have made Phono- 
graphic Reporting a profession, have got along in life faster, 
by all odds, than those in any other kind of business, and 
that without the possession of any special brilliancy of tal- 
ents. Some of them, not yet turned twenty, are now mak- 
ing more money by Phonographic Reporting than the Princi- 
pal of the High School, after having given himself for more 
than twenty years to his profession." 

Said the Hon, Thomas Benton: " Had this art been known 
forty years ago, it would have saved me twenty years of 
hard labor." 

" It is my humble opinion that it will eventually supersede 
the present system of writing, as the steam carriage train 
supersedes the old eight inch wheeled wagon." — Rev. Dunbar. 

Such are the tendencies of the art this book is designed to 
unfold. 



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^XB%m$ of |mprokmertt» — Within the last hundred 
years important changes have taken place in almost every 
department of industry. The mechanic no longer seeks the 
swiftly running stream to propel his machinery, but erects 
his mill or factory on ground the most convenient for labor 
or for market, and brings the elements into subjection for the 
performance of his drudgery; the stage-coach horse-power, 
for locomotion, is almost forgotten in consideration of the 
iron-boned steed hitched to the enormous wheeled-palace ; 
the sea-voyage of weary months is now performed pleasantly 
in as many weeks, by the application of steam to navigation; 
and the man of business no longer waits the rapid trans- 
mission of thought by such conveyance, but communicates 
through the length and breadth of our wide-spreading coun- 
try with lightning speed. 

Thus the genius of invention and improvement has been 
abroad in the land, and although for a long time she confined 
her skill to building steamboats and making railroads, con- 
structing machinery and teaching the lightning how to talk, 
she has not altogether forgotten the world of intellect; and 
Phonography, her last, most promising and beneficent boon, 
presents to the world an alphabet of letters so simple and 
facile that he who uses it may readily keep pace with the 
fastest speaker, — affording a system of writing as much supe- 
rior to that of the old script alphabet, as railroads are to the 
ancient truck-wheeled wagon, or the electric telegraph to the 
post boy's plodding gait. 



IVVV^V^ 



(9) 



10 INTRODUCTION TO THE 

" Our living flocks of thoughts need no longer trudge it 
slowly and wearily down the pen and along the paper, hin- 
dering each other as they struggle through the strait gate of 
the old-hand writing; our troops of feelings need no more 
crawl, as snails crawl, to their station on the page; regiment 
after regiment may now trot briskly forward, to fill paragraph 
after paragraph: and writing, once a trouble, is now at breath- 
ing-ease. Our kind and loving thoughts, warm and trans- 
parent, liquid as melted from the hot heart, shall no longer 
grow opaque, and freeze with a tedious dribbling from the 
pen; but the whole soul may now pour itself forth in a sweet 
shower of words. Phonotypy and Phonography will be of a 
use in the world not dreamt of, but by a few." — The Evangel 
of Love,]). 231, by Henry Sutton. 

We do not wish to underrate the value of the present sys- 
tem of writing; it has been of great service in its time, hav- 
ing done much in the way of civilizing and enlightening the 
races of men. But the state of things in the scientific 
world demanded a change in the character of our written 
language. Science is a stern ruler; her laws encircle every 
art, and although for a long time they may remain undiscov- 
ered or not applied, yet as the world progresses in knowledge 
and learns wisdom from experience, it will cause them to be 
developed, and future generations will derive the advantages 
of conforming to them. These facts have been illustrated in 
the various improvements to which we have alluded; and 
they are still to be expected in such departments as have not 
yet undergone the remodeling process of modern, ingenuity. 
They take their turn in the great circle of progression; and 
it is the object of the present work to demonstrate the laws 
that apply to the art of writing, as required at this stage of 
the world's history. 

The spirit of our age demands two new features in the art 
of writing : First, Speed in its execution; second, System in its 
orthography. In treating of the first desideratum we shall 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 11 

briefly refer to the alphabet, now in use, and the habits of 
writing it requires., 

Ebe ($lb gdphabet nub ©rtljogntpbn. — Like the ancient 
implements of industry and modes of labor, the alphabet 
of our fathers, was constructed at a time when the inge- 
nuity of man had not been brought into full play. The 
letters are complex, and the use of them cumbersome in the 
extreme. To illustrate: take the letter & for example; to 
make this letter, the fingers have to perform four inflections 
or movements, while it represents but a simple sound; in 
making the letter <?7i seven inflections are required, while it, 
too, represents but one sound; and every letter of the old al- 
phabet is thus complex, to a greater or less degree, although 
they are designed each to represent but a single sound. 

Now, while there is this complexity in the art of writing, 
in spoken language the organs of speech perform but one 
movement in the enunciation of each letter; and hence the 
labor of the penman is four or five times as great as that of 
the speaker; while the latter is moving oif freely, as on the 
wings of the wind, the former is trudging at the snail's pace, 
weary and provoked at the contrast. 

The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present an 
alphabet each letter of which can be written by one inflec- 
tion of the pen, so that the writer need no longer be four 
times distanced by the moderate speaker; and if the reader 
will follow us through this book, he will see that the system 
we are about to develop more than meets this requisition. 

But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere substitu- 
tion of a new alphabet, is to be overcome. The orthography 
employed in using the old alphabet is nearly as cumbrous as 
the formation of its letters; while its want of system makes 
it a study of many years to memorize the spelling of the fifty 
or eighty thousand words in our language. 

Thus, take the sound of a; if we had nothing to do, in order 
to represent it in our common writing, but to write the one 
letter called a, the evil would be trifling compared with what 



12 INTRODUCTION TO THE 

it is. But we more frequently have to write two or three, or 
even four letters to represent this one sound. It has, in fact, 
thirty-four different modes of representation, consisting of 
various combinations of nine different letters, a few only of 
which we have room to exhibit. Thus, aa, as in Aaron; ai, 
as in p^'n; aig, as in campaign; aigh, as in straight; eighe, 
as in weighed, &c. Now common sense, as well as the laws 
of science, suggests that the sound of a in each and all these 
should be written with the same letter. When this shall 
be done, more than two thirds of the labor of representing 
this sound will be saved; bat by substituting a new letter that 
can be made with one movement of the pen instead of the 
four that a requires, and of the four times four that several of 
the above combinations require, nine-tenths of this labor will 
be avoided. In writing the sound a in these five words, in- 
stead of making fifty inflections of the pen, we will have to 
make hut five! 

The sound of e is represented in forty different ways. Ex- 
amples: ea, as in each; ea-ue as in league; eye, as in 'keyed; 
eig, as in se^nor; eigh, as in heigh. We need not repeat thai 
the sound of e in each of these words should be repre- 
sented by the same letter; or that by substituting for the 
complex letter e a simple character that can be made with 
one motion of the pen, seven-eights or nine-tenths of the la- 
bor in writing would be saved. These are facts that are evi- 
dent, after the illustrations are presented. And we might 
thus illustrate the unscientific mode of representing nearly 
every word in our language, with equally formidable results. 
But we will only state the melancholy fact, that the various 
sounds employed in speaking the English language are each 
represented in from four to forty ways, and that in the large 
majority of cases two or more letters are required to do the 
service. It is also true, that there is no letter in the alpha- 
bet that uniformly represents the same sound; thus, a has a 
different sound in each of the following words : ate, at, all, 
are, any. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 13 



The consequence of this want of system is, in the lan- 
guage of a distinguished writer on the subject of education, 
that " reading is the most difficult of human attainments." 
And, as a further consequence, one third of the population of 
England are unable to read, and one half unable to write; 
while in the United States, the number of adult white per- 
sons who can neither read nor write, is one to every twenty 
who can; and this wide-spread ignorance must continue until 
the rudiments of education are simplified. Such inconsisten- 
cies and mischievous errors as we have referred to, are not 
in harmony with the developments of order and science in 
most other branches of industry and art, and hence they 
must be superseded by something truer and more expedi- 
tious; or, if not superseded, we must use the more speedy and 
economical system in connection with the old, as steamboats, 
railroads and telegraphs are used conjointly with the old 
modes of conveyance. 

SUjje pijondic principle, — The term Phonetic is derived 
from the Greek word tyavq speech. A phonetic alphabet, 
therefore, is one which, referring solely to speech, derives all 
its laws from a consideration of the elements of speech. To 
illustrate what we mean by the phrase "elements of speech," 
we have but to ask the reader to adjust his lips to a round 
position and deliver the voice as he would commence to 
speak the words ode, oak, own. Now this same sound is heard 
in thousands of words in our language, and is what we call 
an element of speech. Another element is heard in the 
commencement of the word ooze and at the termination of 
the word who. In pronouncing the words see, say, saw, so, we 
hear, at the beginning of each of them, the same kind of a 
sound, namely a hiss, which is also an element of speech, for 
it frequently combines with other sounds to make words. 
By analyzing all the words in the English language, it has 
been found that it is constituted of but forty-three elemen- 
tary sounds; or, to be more precise, thirty-nine simple 



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14 INTRODUCTION TO THE 

sounds, and four compound ones, formed by the close union 
of certain simple sounds, which it is convenient to consider 
as elements. In speaking, therefore, our words consist 
simply in the utterance of one of these, or a combination of 
two or more of them; and in writing these words, common 
sense would suggest that each element should be represented 
by a single letter, that should never stand for any other 
sound. 

It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from which 
our present alphabet is remotely derived, was phonetic; that 
is, it represented the elements of speech in such a manner 
that when the sounds of a word were heard the writer knew 
immediately what letters to use, and when he saw the letters 
he knew at once what sounds he was to utter. But when 
this alphabet was adopted by the Greeks and Romans, who 
used sounds unknown to the Phoenicians, many of the old 
letters were necessarily used to represent new sounds as well 
as old ones, so that there was no longer any very strict ac- 
cordance between the sounds and letters of words. But 
when other European nations, including the English, adopted 
the romanic alphabet, and used it in very different ways, inso- 
much that no one could guess what sound should be attributed 
to any one letter, almost all trace of the phonetic nature of 
the alphabet was lost. And hence the deplorable state of 
English spelling and writing, as depicted in previous pages, 
which, in few words, is so bad that no one can tell the 
sound of an unknown word from its spelling, or the spelling 
of a new word from its sound. 

Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the 
efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an attempt 
to place the representation of the English language on the 
same rational basis that the most classic of the ancient lan- 
guages stood, and in addition thereto to afford the means of 
the most rapid writing that it is possible to attain. No fur- 
ther argument, therefore, should be required, in presenting a 
system so accordant with truth and utility. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 15 

PJjattotgjjjX — The word Phonotypy, from the Greek fycovyj, 
speech, and hvho^ type, signifies the printing of language by 
types which represent the sounds heard in speaking; while 
Phonography, also from <j>co*^ and another Greek word, 
ygafyqv, to write, signifies to write by sound, or with charac- 
ters that represent the sounds heard in speech. Although the 
latter is the art which this work is specially designed to ex- 
plain, yet a knowledge of the former will materially aid in its 
acquisition; and as a sufficient acquaintance with it may be 
obtained in a few minutes 5 study, we shall here present a 
brief exposition of it. 

The forty-three elementary and dipthongal sounds that it 
has been found necessary to represent in a true orthography 
of the English language, are exhibited by the italic letters in 
the following words : — 

arm 
ask 
mute; 
cheer, 
seal, 
sing. 

Of course the old twenty-six letter alphabet was incompe- 
tent to give a character for each of these forty-three sounds. 
And in determining upon the introduction of new letters, two 
important considerations presented themselves to the mind, 
both grounded on the fact that the romanic style of spellino* 
already existed in printed books, and flourishes w herever our 
language is spoken or read. First, that those who can al- 
ready read romanic spelling should have very little difficulty 
in acquiring phonetic spelling; and secondly, that those who 
are taught to read phonetically should find that the greater 
part of the difficulties attendant on the acquirement of ro- 
manic reading were then overcome. 

In order to accomplish these two very important objects, it 
was necessary to use as many of the old romanic letters as 

, . U .. , L, , ■ ■ . , »»,■ ■, j , w w w ' 



eel earth 


ale 


air 


ill 


ell 


am 


ice, 


oil, 


owl, 


pole, bowl, 


toe, 


doe, 


/ear, veer, 


thigh, 


thy, 


rare, lull; 


mum, 


nun, 



all 


oak <%>ze ; « 


on 


up wood; 


yea, 


way, hay ; 


jeer, 


came, game 


zeal, 


shall, vision. 



16 INTRODUCTION TO THE 

possible, in the senses which they most frequently have in 
the romanic spelling of English; and to make the new pho- 
netic letters suggest the letters or combinations of letters 
which are most frequently employed to express their sounds 
romanically. 

The grand object was to make English reading easy — not 
merely in phonetic but also in romanic spelling, in order that 
the large number of books already printed should be still use- 
ful, or rather should be made useful to those to whom they are 
at present useless — the book-blind, those who cannot read. 
Tills has been effected. Not only is phonetic reading so easy to 
those who read romanically that few find any difficulty in 
the matter at all, but those who have only learned to read 
phonetically occupy the same position in regard to romanic 
reading. 

Out of the twenty-six romanic letters, three, c, q, x, have 
been rejected. The fifteen consonants, 

bdfhj lmnprtvwyz 
are used in their usual romanic sense; that is, in the sense 
which the English romanic reader would naturally expect 
them to have in any new word, as they are pronounced at the 
beginning of the romanic words, 

bed, deed. fit, /zead, jest, Zull, man, nun, 
_£>eep, rare, toe, vote, woe, yes, zeal, 

The five vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and the remaining three con- 
sonants h, g, s, are to be pronounced as at the beginning of 
am, egg, in, on, un, kite, get, sun. 

New letters have been invented for the sounds expressed 
by the italic letters in the under-written words in the follow- 
ing table: 

8e Ee a a & a_ Ho. (let 0e Oo (Da> Uu EEj 
eel earth age air arm ask all oak ooze foot ice 

0& ^S* IT il ®q fit 3d SJ S3 Itfrj 

oil owl mvle eatc/i tJiin thine she vision si^ 



~ -*.*.*. ~ ~ * * * a. ~ * * * ^ *--■*■ *m *■*■-> *+,&* ,** A rti i ft^Mft^wrf i W i rl tA Aiti^ + AAJ l A A ift iA ft A A) 



ft* Hfeffnctit Jljfeslfi* 



The 
written 

^<£ 
<^ 

Si 

& e 






<h 






letter 
printed 

8 8 

E e 
ffa 

JM 
aa 

Be 
O o 
00© 

I i 

E e 
A a 
da 
o 
Uu 
U u 

* J 

Cfo- 

Yy 

Ww 
Hh 



is 


always 


The letter 


sounded as 


written printed 


eei 


is in eel 


0*j 


p P 


ea 


. . COTth 


0BJ 


Bb 


a 


.. #le 


3ft 


Tt 


a 


. . air 


£&'<* 


D d 


a 


. . arm 


4 q 


e<3 


a 


.. all 


// 


Jj 





. . ope 


JT/ 


Kk 


00 


. . f Ood 


fy 


Gg 


i 


. . ill 


*/ 


Ff 


e 


. . ell 


<Vv 


Vv 


a 


. am 


%$ 


R h 


a 


. #sk 


dta 


ad 


o . 


. odd 


&> 4 


Ss 


u . 


. up 


3C* 


Zz 


00 , 


. foot 


w 


»I 


i 


. . Me 


v» 


x 3 


01 


. . oil 






ow 


. . owl 


0&P 


Rr 


u 


. . m^le 


'&/.. 


LI 


y 


.. j/ea 


tSMom 


Mm 


ID 


. . w&y 


jf* 


N n 


h . 


. My 


m 


w* 



is always 
sounded as 

jfl as in rO^e 

# . . ro<5e 



9 



fate 

fa<fe 

etck 

ed^e 

loc& 

% 



/.. sa/e 

v . . save 
tt . . wreath 
M . . wrea^e 
huss 
buzz 
vicious 
vision 



r . . for 

I . . fa// 

^ . . see;^ 

n . . see^ 

ng. . si?ig 



>Vf'» f ^ t TT»ff»»f l > y ^"> l >W»» VTWt WVV f tT»f *»f V 



0') 



18 INTRODUCTION TO THE 

On the preceding page the whole alphabet is presented, 
systematically arranged; first, the long vowels; second, the 
short vowels; third, the compound vowels; fourth, the liquids; 
fifth, the consonants. In this respect, unimportant though 
it may seem, the new alphabet is an improvement on the old 
— which is little more than a string of confusion — here a 
vowel and there a vowel, a consonant here and another there. 

In addition to the printing letters of the phonetic alphabet, 
the longhand script characters are presented. It will be ob- 
served, that the old letters are retained in their usual sense, 
and new ones introduced, having resemblance to their cor- 
responding printed letters, and of as easy formation as possi- 
ble. This alphabet is used by all practical Spelling Reform- 
ers, where the phonetic shorthand could not be read by the 
person for whom the writing is done; for phonetic longhand 
may be read, with very little hesitation, by all who can read 
the old manuscript. And the writer, in addition to the satis- 
faction of employing a scientific orthography, economizes 
twelve per cent of his paper and time, by dispensing with 
double letters, etc. 

HlpOttOgrap^g. — Phonography being intended for the pen 
alone, and the principal object being rapidity of execution, 
with a reliable degree of legibility, considerable license is 
taken as regards strictly phonetic principles. It cannot be 
said of phonetic shorthand that "no sound must be represent- 
ed by more than one sign," and that "no sign must represent 
more than one sound." The reverse of this statement is true 
in frequent instances; but not in such a way as materially to 
impair the scientific accuracy of the system. In point of 
utility there are great advantages derived from having two or 
three forms to represent certain sounds, and no serious dis- 
advantage. 

The simplest signs which it was possible to obtain for the 
phonographic alphabet, are, 1st, the dot; 2d, the dash; 3d, the 
straight line; 4th, the curve. The dots and dashes are used to 



r^ 




MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 19 

represent the vowels; the straight lines and carves represent 
the consonants. The following diagrams exhibit the source 
from which the latter are derived, and show the different posi- 
tions they occupy in representing different letters. 

( 

\^_ 

It will be observed that the straight line assumes four dif- 
ferent positions, and the curved one eight; these are as many 
positions as can be recognized without danger of confusion; 
and these two simple characters can be written in these 
twelve positions so as to be just as distinct and legible as 
though this number of differently shaped letters were em- 
ployed. Here, now, we have the means of representing 
twelve consonant sounds; but since in writing we can make 
either light or heavy marks, this number may be doubled by 
recognizing the same number of heavy straight lines and 
curves. 

While it is found necessary to make each of the primitive 
characters heavy, in order to obtain a sufficient number, it is 
also found a useful and philosophical method of distinguish- 
ing between the natures of different sounds. Thus, eight of 
the sounds which these characters are to represent are mere 
whispers, produced by the transition of the organs of speech, 
from one position to another, or by the simple contact of dif- 
ferent parts of the mouth, without any vocal sound; and 
there are eight others made in the same manner, but they 
have in addition a slightly roughened or vocal sound, which 
require a greater effort to produce them. 

To follow nature, therefore, and preserve a correspondence 
between signs and sounds, the light signs are made to repre- 
sent the light or whispered sounds, and the heavy signs to re- 
present the heavy sounds. Thus, both the difference between 
the sounds and their resemblance are at once represented. 



20 INTRODUCTION TO THE 

And it being so natural to represent a light sound by a light 
stroke, and a heavy sound by a heavy stroke, the phono- 
graphic pupil finds, after a little practice, that he makes the 
difference in the strokes without any thought about it. But 
the similarity of sound between the heavy and light strokes 
is so great that, if at any time the difference in the thickness 
of the lines is not clearly made, it will not seriously affect 
the legibility of the writing to the experienced phonogra- 
pher. Thus, for example, if the word Sinsinati were written 
so as to be pronounced Zinzinadi, the reader could hardly 
mistake the intention of the writer. 

The Consonants are classified as follows: — 
1. Abrupts. — These elements, sometimes called explo- 
dents, are produced by a total contact of the organs of 
speech, abruptly interrupting and exploding the outward 
passage of the breath, or the voice. They are eight in 
number, and being stiff, unyielding sounds, are appropriately 
represented by the eight straight, unyielding right lines, as 
illustrated in the following table, — the italicized letters of 
the words indicating the sounds represented : 

Whispered, \ rope, | fa^e, /etch, ' lock. 

Spoken, \ vobe, | fade, / ed^e, — log. 

By a little observation in comparing the sound of p with 
that of b, in the words rope and robe, the distinction of whis- 
pered and spoken, or light and heavy, will be appreciated. As 
far as articulation, or the contact of the organs of speech is 
concerned, the consonants p and b are identical; the sound 
of the former, however, is produced by the breath only, 
while the latter requires the assistance of the voice, which 
commences before the lips, the organs by which the articula- 
tion is produced, are disconnected. The same remarks apply 
to each of the other pairs of abrupts, as the reader will dis- 
cover by speaking the illustrative words in connection. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 21 

2. Continuants: — The organs of speech are in contact 
in the production of these elements, yet not so firmly as 
to totally obstruct the passage of breath, or voice; but the 
sounds may be continued any length of time. There are, 
also, eight of these elements — half of them whispered and 
half spoken; and as they are of a flowing, yielding nature, 
they are appropriately represented by curved and flowing 
signs; thus: 

Whispered, V^_ safe, ( wreath, ) buss, ) vicious. 

Spoken, \^ save, ( wreathe, J buzz, ^ vi 



vmon. 



3. Liquids: — These are r and I, and are called liquids be- 
cause they readily run into or unite with other consonant 
sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation of 
sound, as the abrupts and continuants, and are represented by 
light curves; thus: 

f fall, for. "^ 

4. Nasals: — The sounds of m, n and ng, are called nasals 
from the fact that the organs are brought in complete contact, 
and the voice driven through the nose. The m and n are 
represented by the two remaining light curves, smdng by the 
heavy curve corresponding to n, as being nearly related to 
that sound; thus: 

y~^ seem, v_^ seen, * — *-' si??^ 

5. Coalescents: — Y and to hold a medial character be- 
tween the vowels and consonants; w being a weak sound or 
modification of 0} (oo), and y a modification of S {ee). They 
never occur in English except before a vowel, with which 
they closely coalesce. The following are their phonographic 
signs, and the words illustrating their powers. 



^ way, f 



yea. 



H f f » ytf fT V»yvyi»yvs> ' >Tyyvfvvvn'vvv f y\iyyfiMyy T fM»» f >MMf> 



INTRODUCTION TO THE 



6. Aspirate : — The power of li is simply a breathing up- 
on the following vowel, and is generally represented by a 
light dot placed before the vowel; but a consonant's form 
is sometimes needed, which is written thus: jf h. 

Vowel Arrangement:* — In order to represent twelve 
vowel sounds by the two signs, a dot and a dash, a scheme 
similar to that of representing musical sounds by the round 
note is resorted to. As the vowels rarely occur except in 
connection with a consonant, they are indicated by the posi- 
tion in which the dot or dash is placed to the consonant 
stroke; thus, a dot placed at the beginning of a consonant 
represents the vowel £ (ee,) at the middle ; <a (age.) at the 
end, q (ah;) the dash at the beginning is (awe,) at the mid- 
dle, q (owe,) at the end, CD (oo.) The remaining six vowels 
are short or brief, as compared with the foregoing six, and are 
appropriately represented by the dot and dash in the same 
manner, but made lighter; and all that has been said in regard 
to light and heavy consonants applies to the vowels. In the 
following illustration the vowel signs are placed to a dotted 
line merely to indicate the position of the dot and dash; it is 
no part of the vowel. The italic letters in the accompany- 
ing words suggest the vowel sounds: 



j eel, •; ale, I arm, ! all, -I oak, 



\ ill, •: ell, \ am, j on, } up 



ooze, 
wood, 



Diphthongs:— These being compound sounds, and all the 
simple characters being otherwise disposed of, they are rep- 

* For the greater simplification of Phonography, there is, ordinarily, 
no distinction made between the sound of* e in inercy and that of e in 
merry; between a in dare, and a in date; nor between a in fast and a in 
far. The signs for representing these three sounds (e, 3,, and a,) together 
with various foreign sounds, are provided on page 127, which may be 
adopted by the proficient phonographer, if he wishes to be very accurate 
in the representation of spoken words. 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 23 



resented by complex signs, 
the following illustration: 

v | isle, A \ oil. 



They will be understood by 



owl, 

Triphthongs: — These result from the union of w with 
each of the above diphthongs, which are more convenient to 
represent by single characters than otherwise; thus: 

wine, j quoit j r ; 



wound. 



ORGANIC CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS. 



Abrupts. 



Contin- 
uants. 



^ Whispered. 

< 

I Spoken. 
C Whispered. 
i SpoJcen. 



Vp 

\b 



Liquids. 

Resonants, 
Amh'gues. 



V 



t-^ 13 



It 

(th) 
{jh ) 



i-l p. 
/oh 

'■\ 

_^sh 

Vzh 

~V 

» — 'n 



— k 

— g 



.jig 

h 



In the above division of the consonant sounds, reading in 
columns downwards, we begin with, (1) those formed at the 
lips, as p, b, /, &c, and call them Labials; (2) we then go 
back to the region of the tip of the tongue and the teeth, 
where t, d, &c, are formed, which class we term Linguo-Den- 
tals, (tongue-teeth sounds;) (3) then to the hard palate or 
roof of the mouth, a little back of the teeth, where we find 
ch,j,sh, &c, which we call Linguo- Palatals; and, finally, to 
the root of the tongue, near the throat, where Jc, g, &c, are 
formed, which we term Gutturals, or Throat- Bounds. 

A practical arrangement of the whole alphabet, for refer- 
ence in study, etc., will be found on the next page. 



].! 



fe y V < I ^MI»n f VffV f I V ' r 'T V^ ¥W9 V WVW %>i>WV49 W9W ry^^>TTyyy^f PfMH 



IftffXfffrilfic Qlfiuittk 



g f^" 1 faZZ 



m see??i 




H dwpe 



Remark. — The above is a tabular view of the phonetic 
alphabet. It shows the simplicity of the characters em- 
ployed, as contrasted with the longhand letters of the 
old alphabet. It is placed in this form for occasional 
reference by the student; to appreciate the beauty and 
utility of its use, the following course of lessons must 
be mastered. 



> v »» y » i »fy T y ' » i » vwv»» y v » iM 



> v » vv» » v »»y yn »»j 



Pararal rf ff$mpgr afjjg. 



THE CONSONANTS AND LONG VOWELS. 

If the student who is desirous of acquiring the phono- 
graphic art, has attentively read the preceding introduc- 
tion, and obtained a clear idea of the phonetic principle, 
he will find no difficulty in mastering the course of les- 
sons which follows. Regular daily study and patient 
practice for a few weeks, will accomplish the object. 

Let every paragraph be carefully read and compared 
with the accompanying illustrations, and every shorthand 
character and exercise copied, pronouncing at the same 
time the sound of the letter or word aloud. 

Ruled paper should be used: even paper with a double 
ruling, the lines just wide enough apart to admit the 
proper length of the consonants between them, is a great 
advantage, at first, in enabling the learner to make his 
consonants of a uniform length. 

Until the pupil becomes familiar with the signs, a 
pencil should be employed in preference to a pen; after 
which either a pen or pencil may be used; — it should 
be held loosely between the thumb and second finger, 
with the first resting on top, as in drawing or ordinary 
writing; or, between the first and second fingers, keep- 
ing it in place by a slight pressure of the thumb. 



3 (25) 



26 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

A good style of writing can only be obtained by en- 
deavoring, in the commencement, to form the characters 
with mathematical precision. After a little experience 
in tracing the forms accurately, the learner will find no 
difficulty in executing them rapidly; the attempt to write 
swiftly at first, on the other hand, will not only delay the 
attainment, but lead to ungraceful and illegible writing. 

Let the pupil now take his pen or pencil, and go 
through the list of consonants, writing them as on the 
following page, speaking at the same time the power of 
each letter; and carefully observing the light and heavy 
character of the signs, and their proper length. 

1. Commence the strokes so that when of the proper 
length they will rest on the line of writing. The con- 
sonants should be written about the size of those given 
in these pages; and particular attention should, at first, 
be observed in writing the curved thick letters, making 
them thick in the middle only, and tapering to a light 
line toward each extremity. 

2. The perpendicular and inclined consonants are 
written from the top downward, as \p, \t, ^r; the 

horizontal ones are written from left to right; as Jc, 

s^~^ ra, v. /n. 

3. The letter (^ I, when the only consonant in a 
word, is always written upward; at other times it may 
be written either upward or downward, as is most con- 
venient. 

4. The y s7i is always written downward when the 
only consonant in a word, and either downward or up- 
ward at other times. 

5. The aspirate <f h is written upward under all 
circumstances. 



ON WRITING THE CONSONANTS. 27 

EXERCISE ON THE CONSONANTS. 

P,B \\ W W W W W W 

T,D II II II M II II H 

Ch,J // // // // // // // 

K, G 

f,v ^V. VV ^V VA. W VJs ^V 

Th,Th(( (((((((((((( 

iz )) )))))))))))) 

sh,zh J J jj M jj jj jj yj 
l rrrrrrrrrr 

b -*v "TS ' "■> '/-.S ^ "N *> > '--S ^> 

M -— ^. r ^-^''^-< r < : / ~+ ,-> ,-^ ^ 
% w. w s^ w w w w w w w 

H / S S S S S Y S S S 

^MMHMffM^MffyQMTffM I MM I > f y ^ 



28 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS. 

6. In commencing to write a word, the first thing 
the learner has to do is to pronounce it slowly, and 
ascertain what are the elementary sounds of which it is 
composed, and then write the consonant signs, as here- 
tofore directed, without lifting the pen till all are written. 

7. When the first consonant to be written requires a 
downward stroke, it is commenced its length above the 
line of writing and struck to the line, and if a downward 
stroke follows, it is carried on below the line; thus, -^i — 

pd, K^-dp; if the first consonant is a horizontal stroke, 

and a down-stroke follows, it is written above the line 
and the second one carried to it; thus, | kd, /nch; 
but if an up-stroke sign follows the horizontal^ the latter 
should be written on the line; thus,^_^^m?, f ~M. 

8. When a straight consonant follows another of the 
same kind, the two are written by a stroke double the 
usual length; as 7c7c, %. pjp. 

9. In reading the consonants in a word, they must 
of course be uttered in the order in which they were 
written; thus, for example, in reading y^ the must 
be read first, because it is evident it was written first, as 
the writer could not have begun at the angle and written 
the / and then gone back and written the , without 
violating the rule requiring the skeleton of a word to 
be written before lifting the pen; and he could not have 
begun at the bottom of the / , and written it upwards 
and then the backwards, without violating the two 
rules, that ch is to be written downwards and n from 
left to right. 

It sometimes happens that a consonant which seems 
to be farther along than another in the line of writing, 

>MMMMMMMMM I M >f MMfMMfmMM > MM » M>TfM 



Llr ,^ t ,.^^^ 



CONSONANT COMBINATIONS. 



29 



must be read first; as ^J ; but from the fact that / is 
always to be written downward, we know the letters are 
to be readj? and not Ij. By a little observation of this 
kind the learner will soon see at a glance, and without 
thought, how any word is to be read. 

The exercise which follows should first be read, tracing 
the characters with a pointer; in doing which either the 
powers of the letters may be used, as t k, h t, jp k y &c, 
or the names, te Tea, Tea te, pe Tea, &c; in class teaching 
the latter method is the best, after having drilled the 
learners well in speaking the simple powers of the alpha- 
bet. After reading the exercise in this way, it should 
be neatly copied with pen or pencil, and again read. 



EXERCISE ON CONSONANT COMBINATIONS. 



l n 



kl X -7 







IT MMMMM ' 



30 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 







LONG VOWELS. 






•J 

Is 


•fa 


.k He 


-b 


Id) 


eat, 


ape, 


arm, awl, 


oak, 


ooze. 



as in 

10. The above table illustrates the manner of writing 
the six long vowels. The dotted line represents the 
length of any consonant, to which the vowel sign, (the 
dot or dash,) may be written in either of three places, 
the beginning, middle or end. 

11. The heavy dot at the first place, or beginning of 
any consonant, is always £; at the second place, or mid- 
dle, a,- at the third place, or end, q. The heavy dash 
at the first place is 9; at the second place Q; at the 
third place (JO. 

12. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in 
their several positions, should be well memorized. They 
may be designated thus: — 8 is the first place heavy dot; 
fir is the second place heavy dot; C[ is the third place 
heavy dot; 6 is first place heavy dash; CD is the second 
place heavy dash; (D is the third place heavy dash. 

13. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing 
the vowels to them, they should be written near the 
strokes, but not so that they will join; thus, V^ eve, 
^ pay, /-T^ may; the dashes should be written at right 
angles with the consonants; as, \ pav:, y s show, [_ too. 

14. If we wish the vowel to be read first, we place 
it before or above the consonant; thus, j eat, V^ ape, 
^n aim, \ oak; if we wish it to be read after the 
consonant, we write it after or below the stroke; thus, 

N^ bow, ^ hay, _y shoe. 

15. The rule for placing and reading the vowels is, 
that the first place is at the end where the pen began 
writing the consonant; thus, see the L-line in the follow- 



EXERCISE ON THE LONG VOWELS. 31 

ing exercise, where ^7 being written upward, £ and 
are placed at the lower end, and ([ and (0 at the top; 
f must be vocalized in the same manner. 

The following exercise should be read over frequently, 
till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels 
and their eonsecutive order. He will, at the same time, 
become familiar with many of the consonants. The 
sounds of the vowels are indicated by key-letters at 
the top of each column; and each line is preceded by 
the type letter of the consonant employed in the line. 

EXERCISE ON THE LONG VOWELS. 
VOWELS FOLLOWING CONSONANTS. 

s a q, e ® <n 



T 

Ch 



l c r r 

M ^ N ^ ^ 



VOWELS PRECEDING CONSONANTS. 

T 1 'I -I 1 "I -I 

K . • • ■ ' i 

B ^ ? S *> ^ "> 



bttititJ 



32 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

READING LESSON, WITH A KEY. 

In the following exercise the learner has a key to 
assist him in decyphering the phonographic construction 
of words. It should be well studied, preparatory to 
reading and writing the exercises which follow. 

te I te j- to I- tea 

] et # | at "I 



i ' 
t — ^ tern l- — . tain 



kat I kot 



kol 



et 


-1 ©t 


tak 


L_ tek 


kep 


^\ kcDp 


mel 


/^ mol 


kam 


— s~< kqm 


pol 




qrm 


i 

[^^i ta>m 



mek ^r- — mak __w—. 

pel V pal v 



After the exercise has been read once or twice, it is 
a good plan to lay a strip of paper oyer the key, and 
read without the aid of the printed words. Then re- 
verse the process: laying the strip of paper over the 
phonographic words, and write them from memory of 
their form, or knowledge of their construction. 



ON VOCALIZING. 33 



In reading the following exercise the learner must re- 
ly on his own knowledge. If he fails in remembering 
the consonants, he will have to turn hack to page 27 to 
refresh his memory; and if the sounds of the vowels are 
forgotten, page 30 will assist him. 

Beading Exercise I. 

1 / ') ^/•A^VJJT 

s _ ur \ /• /* ^ c 7 J- 

L L__ J* 

f\ AV ^V /TV 

ON VOCALIZING. 
16. In vocalizing the consonant of a word, the first 
thing to be done is to ascertain whether the vowel 
to be written is a dot sign or a dash sign; and, secondly, 
what place to the consonant it should occupy. 




34 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

17. If the learner's memory is not good, or his percep- 
tion quick, so that he can decide these points readily, a 
good plan for arriving at the result is to commence at 
the beginning of the scale of vowels and speak them thus: 
£, a, #, (observing that thus far the signs are heavy dots, 
and that the remainder are dashes,) 0, 0, tf), till he 
arrives at the one he wishes to write; just as the learner 
of music, when he cannot strike the proper sound of a 
note, commences at do and runs up the scale till he 
obtains the proper sound. 

16. Words containing only horizontal consonants, if 

the accented vowels are first place, are written about the 

height of a vertical stroke above the line; as • me, 

key; if the vowels are second or third place, they 

are written on the line; as, — -- gay, ^j^ mow. 

Note. — For the purpose of assisting the learner until he becomes fa- 
miliar with phonetic printing, a few of the first exercises for writing will 
be printed in both modes of spelling. 

Writing Exercise I. 

First PLACE Dot, after the consonant. — 
Pea, tea, key, fee, see, she, lee, me, knee. 
Pe, te, ke, fe, se, Je, Is, me, ns. 
Before the consonant. — Eat, each, eke, eve, ease, eel, ear. 
8t, eg, ek, ev, ez, el, er. 

Second place Dot, after the consonant. — 
Pay, da y, gay, tne y> say, may, way, hay. 
Pa, da, ga, da, sa, ma, wa, ha. 
Before. — Ape, eight, aid, age, ache, ale, air, aim. 
£[p, at, ad, aj, ak, al, qr, am. 

Third place Dot, after the consonant. — Pa, ma. 

Pq, mq. 
Before. — Are. 
Hr. 



REVIEW OF THE FIRST LESSON. 35 

First place Dash, after the consonant. — 

Paw, jaw, thaw, saw, law, gnaw. 
Pe, je, to, se, le, ne. 
Before. — Ought, awed, awl, awn. 
0t, ed, el, en. 

Second place dash, after the consonant. — Bow, toe, 

Bo, to, 
dough, foe, though, sow, show, low, know, woe, hoe. 
do, fo, do, so, Jo, lo, no, wo ho. 

Before. — Ode, oak, oath, owes, oar, own, 
Od, ok, ot, oz, or, on. 

Third place Dash, after the consonant. — Coo, shoe. — 

Koo, J(D. 
Before. — Ooze. 
(Dz. 

Review. — (1.) What care should be taken in writing the heavy curved 
strokes? (2.) What consonants are written downwards? How are the 
horizontal ones written? What are they? (3, 4, and 5.) What are the 
exceptions to these general rules? (6.) What is the first thing to be 
done in writing a word phonographically ? What next? (7.) How are 
the consonants adjusted to the line of writing? (8.) When one straight 
consonant follows another of the same kind, how are they written ? (9.) 
What is the order of reading the consonants in a word ? (10.) How many 
places have consonants, to which vowels may be written? (11 and 12.) 
What is the sound of the first place heavy dot? The second? The 
third ? What is the sound of the first place heavy dash ? The second ? 
The third? (13.) How should the vowels be written to the consonants? 
(14.) If the vowel sound of a word is heard before the consonant, to 
which side of the perpendicular strokes is it written ? Which side of the 
inclined? Which of the horizontal? (15.) At which end of I and h is 
the first place vowel written? (16.) In vocalizing a word, what is the 
first thing to be determined? What the second? (18.) How are words 
that contain only a horizontal stroke written ? 



l » f MIMMMM>MMM > MM>Mf>V 



>**.*^* r + ***.*+*.***+ + M.A. + + A 



%t%B$n 2. 



SHORT VOWELS — DIPHTHONGS— DOT J2— VOCALIZING 
COMBINED CONSONANTS. 

If the student has become familiar with the arrange- 
ment and manner of writing the long vowels, it will be 
a very easy matter for him to understand and use the 
following scale of 







SHORT VOWELS. 






!i 




Ja "jo 




Ju 


it, 


et, 


at, on, 


up, 


foot. 



as m 

The six vowel sounds above given approximate so 
nearly in quality to those given on page 30, the main 
difference being in length or fulness, that they are repre- 
sented in precisely the same manner, excepting that the 
signs are made lighter. [See Introduction, pages 20, 21.] 

19. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in 
their several positions, must be well memorized. They 
may be designated thus: — i is the first place light dot; e 
is the second place light dot ; Si is the third place light 
dot; is the first place light dash; U is the second place 
light dash; U, is the third place light dash. 

As a general thing it is more convenient, and, except 
in analyzing words, it is just as well to name the short 
vowels with the consonant t after them ; thus : it, et, at, 
ot, ut, oot. 

(36) 



EXERCISE ON THE SHORT YOWELS. 



37 



The following exercise on the short vowel scale should 
be practised till their consecutive order is well mastered, 
and the position of each sound can be told without hesi- 
tation. 



Reading Exercise II. 



\ X 



\ \ 



X N 




Writing Exercise II. 

First place light Dot. — Pit, tip, pil, pik, dip, mil. 

Second place light Dot. — Eb, ej, eg, bel, tel. 

Third place light Dot. — Ad, am, lak, bak. 

First place light Dash. — Od, of, top, got, Jok, lok, mok, 
foli, bodi. 

Second place light Dash. — Up, us, kut, luk, luv. 

Third place light Dash. — Pxo.1, buk, tuk, riak, luk, kiak, 
puli, fuli. 



-/-■--«■-'— '■"--•-'■--'■-■-'■-'■-■---'---■'--■---'■-■-'■ a A aa di*! * * > i rt i * rfr * . A *■* >■ * dSd» ^ fr .< * *** ***** ** ** A * 

38 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



DIPHTHONGS. 

v i i A \<* P ^ 

as in ice, oil, owl, new. 

20. These diphthong characters, excepting r> ,* oc- 
cupy but two places, the beginning and end of a conso- 
nant. When written in the first place, with the point 
downward, the angle represents the first sound in ice; 
thus, ^\ pie, ( thy, $ s my; with the point upward, 
in the same place, the first sound in oil; thus, \ hoy, 
A coy; with the point upward, and in the third place, 
the first sound in owl; as, /\ our, % „ now. The char- 
acters should be written without lifting the pen, and 
placed in a perpendicular position to the inclined and 
horizontal strokes, as well as to the vertical. 



Reading Exercise III. 



r\ 



Writing Exercise III. 

Bi % fj, vj, dj, sj, % lj, mi, nj ; js, jz, jl, jr, jsi. Bo-, ter, 
jee, ke* ; eel, aner. B^, d-sr, ky, vy, sy, ate, n^r ; ^t, 3r, sh 

* This, though representing, ordinarily, the pure diphthong, is also em- 
ployed in an extended scheme of compound vowels, which will be treated 
of hereafter. 



>A4AArt44i<l 



THE DOT H. 39 



21. Dot H. — Since the aspirate never occurs in Eng- 
lish except before a vowel, a briefer mode of represent- 
ing it than the long sign s * s generally employed, 
namely, a light dot placed immediately before the vowel; 
it should be written to the left of the dot vowels that 
belong to a vertical or inclined stroke, and above those 
belonging to horizontals; and above the dash vowels of 
the former, and to the left of those of the latter; thus, 
"[ hit, ^K, hem, ^| hod, ~^\ he?*, ^ home. 

Although this h is the same in shape as the light dot 
vowels, it need never lead to any mistake, from the fact 
that no dot vowel ever occurs immediately before another 
dot vowel. For the stroke, h will be italicized. 




V 



•v m jT 



Writing Exercise IV, 

Long Vowels. — Het, hat, hed, hsl, hal, her, hqr; hop, hcop, 
hod, hek, hoi, horn. 

First place light Dot. — Hip, hit, hiq, hil, him. 

Second place light Dot. — Hed, hej, hem. 

Third place light Dot. — Hat, had, hag, hak, ham, harj, 
hapi. 

First place light Dash. — Hop, hot, hog, hod. 

Second place light Dash. — Hub, hut, huj, hul, hum 
hug. 

Diphthongs. — Hjt, hjd, hjv. 

^MIMMMM i m i M I 9 MIMMMI I MMTI 



'-^^^^---^^J 



40 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 

22. In vocalizing two or more consonants it is very 
important to keep the vowel signs away from the angles 
or places where the consonants join, especially from the 
inside of angles, as in such positions it is impossible to 
tell to which stroke they belong ; thus, it cannot be told 
whether \*~^ is the word beam or balm. 

The following rules should be observed: — 

First When a first place vowel, or diphthong, comes 
between two consonants it is placed immediately after 
the first ; as • \ keep, not ~~~*\ , where it is before the 

second consonant; ' r ~ N — meek, not ; r hill, 

not 1/ ; Y-^ ream, v J kite, &c. 

Second. A second place vowel, if it is long, is also 
written after the first consonant; as """] gate, J^ dome; 
but if short, it is written before the second; as ""^] get, 
IX^ dumb; by which arrangement we are enabled to de- 
termine the sound of the middle place vowel by position, 
if it should not be clearly indicated by the size. 

Third. Third place vowels, whether long or short, are 

written before the second consonant; as \_. balm, 

\ boot, \ bad, \ I book, | doubt. 



ILLUSTRATIVE EXERCISE. 




^^^.m^^^^^^^^^^. 



VOCALIZING COMBINED CONSONANTS. 



41 



Fourth. If two vowels come between two consonants, 
the first one spoken is written to the first stroke, and the 
next one to the second ; thus, \X, poem, V^[ palliate. 

Some deviations from these rules occur in contracted 
forms of writing; but their general observance renders 
the manuscript more legible than it could otherwise be. 

24. If two vowels precede the first consonant in a 
word, the first is written farther from it than the second ; 
thus, v -j iota; if it terminate with two, the last is writ- 
ten farther from the consonant sign ; as, v | \ idea. 

25. When the diphthong v commences a word it 
may frequently be united with the consonant following, 
without lifting the pen, as in the word idea, just given, 
N/ \C\^ / believe, V^ I fear, &c. 

26. In reading words of two or more consonants, it 
must be observed that each stroke, and the vowel-sign or 
signs placed to it, must be read precisely as they would 
be if they stood unconnected with other consonant 
strokes; thus, \TJ read in this way would be considered 
thus: \ f~ )' po-li-cy; ^~V , ^ |" (~ migh-ti-ly. 
This process will be necessary till the learner can read 
words from their general appearance. 

Reading Exercise V. 




_/7 -~%r 



>H>M > M » M > fMMMMMMf » Mf f »Mf ff MfM < 



42 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



"Writing Exercise V. 

Long Dot Vowels. — Bet, bak, bar, psg, bcrm, pad, pal, pqm, 
tern, dam, tqr, ded, dat, gep, gar, ger, qsf, kep, gat, kel, gal, 
kqrn, kak, Jam, qrk, qxm, lep, tat, lojt, nav, nam, awak, 
a war. 

Short Dot Vowels. — Bit, pet, pad, pig, beg, bag, pil, del, 
rim, lip, lej, liv, mag, mej, maj, mil, milk, vali, aAed. 

Long Dash Vowels. — Bet, pop, boot, tot, dor, teal, gek, jok, 
kel, kol, kool, gedi, form, vot, food, ream, lof, mel, mcov, 
neti, awok. 

Short Dash Vowels. — Pot, bug, biak, bodi, dot, doj, dug, 
kiak, foli, fuli, Jok, Jiak, log, luk, hak, mok, mug, muj, 
nok, niak. 

Diphthongs. — Pjl, abjd, beel, g^d, gpi, ab^t, mjl, deker, dela, 
avsd, ated, enjer, bo*ler, fjler. 

Get me mj buk. I belev mj bo*. *3 Ma j go horn irs. Piat 
awa mj dul njf. 



Review. — (19.) What is the sound of the first place light dot? The 
second ? The third ? The first place light dash ? The second ? The 
third? What is the short sound of e? at ah? aw? of oof (20.) To 
what places of the consonant are the diphthongs written ? Describe the 
sign and position of L Of oi. Of ow. (21.) What is the second form 
of the aspirate ? How distinguished from vowels? (22.) In vocalizing 
combined consonants, what is important ? What is the rule for first place 
vowels ? Second place ? Third place ? If two vowels occur between two 
consonants, how are they written? (23.) If two vowels precede a conso- 
nant? If two terminate a word? (24.) How may 1 sometimes be writ- 
ten? (25.) What is the rule for reading words containing two or more 
consonants and their accompanying vowels. 



i yTffHHf T* V T fy» T» VVf»fT»>TMffVft»»MtVffTf* » H T t f Tf» »'»' 



^m.***.*.*.**.*.^*.^^*.*.*.*.*.**.**.*.*.*.*.*.*.**.*.! 



Xibbzu 3. 



UP-STROKES B, SH, AND L — VOWEL WORD-SIGNS, Ac. 

26. In order to prevent words from running too far 
below the line for convenience or beauty, and to afford a 
variety of skeleton outlines, by which different words 
having the same consonant sounds may be written differ- 
ently, and thus be distinguished without being vocalized, 
provision is made for representing several of the conso- 
nant sounds by both upward and downward strokes. 
This provision also makes the writing more easy of 
execution, since these up-strokes are all in the inclina- 
tion of the line of writing, from left to right. The 
letters thus represented are r, sh, and I; the former of 
which, only, requires a different character. 

27. The second sign for r is a straight line struck 
upward at an angle of thirty degrees; thus, /^ Though 
this character is specially available in writing words re- 
quiring two or more consonants, yet it is frequently 
used alone, as y^ rye; and more frequently when termi- 
nating with a circle or hook, (Lessons IV, VI,) when it 
is less likely to be confounded with cJi, written down- 
ward and of nearly the same inclination ; in neither case, 
however, is there any difficulty experienced by the adept, 
since the sense of the preceding words nearly always 
suggests what the following word is. 

28. When written in connection with other conso- 
nants, there is never any ambiguity, since it can be seen 



(43) 



44 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

at a glance whether the stroke is written upward or 
downward; thus, j/ tr, J fcft, // /| r£. So that while 
the rule is that cA shall be written at an angle of sixty 
degrees, and r at an angle of thirty degrees, they may 
both be written at the same inclination, except when 
either is the only consonant in a word, and except, also, 
when one of them immediately follows the other, as //, 
in which case necessity compels one to be written at a 
different inclination from the other. 

29. The rule that the beginning of a consonant stroke 
is where the first-place vowel is written, and the termina- 
tion of a stroke the third-place, must be observed in 
vocalizing this up-stroke r: thus, preach, /Q \ ripe, 
JS\ charity. 

RULES FOR WRITING R UPWARD OR DOWNWARD.* 

30. The following rules in regard to the use of the 
two forms of r, will guide the learner to the best forms 
of words: 

First. The up-stroke should be used when the follow- 
ing consonant is to be written downward, as in the 
examples above. (29.) 

Second. When r is the initial letter of a word, and is 
followed by the s-circle, ?i-hook, (see Lessons IV and 
VIII,) h, g, f, I, or another r, the up-stroke is employed; 
as /** rogue, ^\j rash, ^j rule, ^f rare. But 
if a vowel precede r as the first consonant, the down- 
stroke is employed; as, ^ — arc, vN N Irish, ^Y early, 
^V^ error. 

Third. Whenever preceded by v, th, or m, the upward 
r is employed; as \^/ veer, Vy/ theory, <^s mire. 



* These rules may be passed over without much studying at first ; but 
on reviewing the lessons they should be well understood and applied. 



>f » T IVI>»ff y tffi>fff f »fffT ff f»f» l 



/tt**t**lit*t**«*A< 



i-*-**-***-*-*--*----*-*-^*-'*-* 



ON WRITING THE UP-STRQKE R. 



45 



Fourth. Whenever followed by n or ng the up-stroke 
is employed ; /^ rainy, /^ " wrong. 

Fifth. When r is the final stroke consonant in a word, 
and followed hy a vowel, the up-strohe is to be used, as in 
the words \^ berry, / carry; but if no vowel fol- 
lows, the down-stroke is employed; as \. poor, \ car. 

Sixth. When one r follows another, except at the be- 
ginning of a word when preceded by a vowel (as in 
error,) they are both written upward; as ^r"^! rarity , 



Seventh. When followed by m, the down-stroke is 

charm. 



always used; as V— >} room, 



Heading Exercise VI. 




Writing Exercise VI. 

Repel, retjr, redem, redi, ratifj, ravaj, pqrti, derjd, arjv, 
urj, ert ; raj, rak, riketi. 

Boro, feri, ivori, teori, kari, memori, rotari, turoli, mer, 
demur, admjr. 

Eandom, reform, rank, reanimat, adorirj. 

Boroer, borer, barier, inferior, naroer, kurier, miror, derer, 
Jerer, karer. 

[Down-stroTce 2?.] Rem, rjin, remedi, remcov. 



>g¥ f ff» f f» »» »f»i>»»v f f » » f n><>f^ 



46 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

RULES FOR WRITING L AND S3* 

31. L and s/i may be written upward or downward 
without any change of form ; and in vocalizing, or read- 
ing, the direction in which they were made, as in the case 
of the up-stroke r, will be known by their connection 
with other consonant signs; as (^long, C\ leave, <^ 
shop, _J shawl. 

32. The following rules will guide, as near as possi- 
ble, to the most approved use of I: 

First. "When I is the initial letter of a word, and fol- 
lowed by k, g. or m. the up-stroke I is employed; as 
(\ like<i & league, ( limb. But if a vowel 

precedes, the down-stroke is used. as. /_ alike, Av helm. 
V\ r hen other consonants follow Ik, Ig, Im, the I may be 
written either upward or downward. 

Second. Immediately before and after n and ng, the 
down-stroke is employed; as ^f nail, Q^ — link. If a 
down-stroke letter is to follow I after n, the up-stroke I 
must be employed; as ^J^f* analogy. 

Third. When I is the final consonant in a word, and 
preceded by /, v, or upward r, without a final vowel, it 
is written downward; as K> feel, 4\ revile, ^_^y 

moral. But if a vowel follows, the up-stroke is used, as 
^/" folly, ^<rely. 

Fourth. After n and ng, a final I is always written 
downward, even though followed by a vowel, as C^. lonely, 
T ~--f kingly. 

Fifth. Final I, following all other consonants but/, v, 
up stroke r, n and ng, is written upward, whether a vowel 
follows or not; as \f peal, / " cool, s~r*J mail. 



* The same remarks will apply to these rules as are given in a note on 
the preceding page. 



> fM V<i > yfMf»TMT T Tff f T>ffT y fyfTfM < 



LXJL-i-i I 1 If T " " * I I P I '*>*« l>l«iiltlili>llil>i^OtttiiO*ii«tit>***<i< , 



ON WRITING X AND /SSI 



47 



33. /S% is usually written downward; before I, however, 
and after / and v, it is nearly always written upward; 
as j/^ shelf, '^J fish, /^\J lavish. 



Reading Exercise VII. 




ic k a z 1 <£: 




Writing Exercise VII. 

Note. — In this exercise and the next one, up-stroke r and sh, and 
down-stroke I, will he indicated by italic letters. 

Lek, Ijk, Ink, log, loin, legasi. 

Lqpq, Zarjk, Zerjf, ZerjMli, ftnsi, ?raiq, feZirj ; — anuZ, onZi, 
kanaZ ; — analitik, analoji, enlqrj ; — f jZ, fco?, vj?, unfaZirj, reve?, 

UDVa?. 

i?e£, rea?, ra£, re?m, karoZ, bare?, peri?. 
Felo ; fuli, vali, rail, reali, realiti ; — menZi, felirjZi, luvirj?i ; 
— /jli, /el, /alo ; — da/, navi/ efi/ensi, defi/ensi. 
i?elij, fflolij, publij, polij, abolij, rajli. 



48 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

VOWEL WORD-SIGNS. 

34. By a word-sign is meant the use of a single 
character of the alphabet to represent an entire word. 
This scheme is resorted to that the penman may attain 
greater speed in writing; and those words are chosen 
thus to be represented which occur the most frequently 
in composition; twenty-five of them actually constituting 
one-fourth of any given chapter or discourse, and one 
hundred of them amounting to almost half. The signs 
are so chosen as to suggest, generally, the words they 
represent. Words thus represented are called sign-words, 
when we wish to distinguish them from other words. 



the a and, an I how 



all two already oh ought who 



1 



._/_ 



of to or but on should 

35. Only two places, the first and last, or above and 
on the line, are used in writing the vowel word-signs, 
because without a consonant it would be impossible to 
determine between a first and second-place position. If 
the word to be represented contains a first-place vowel 
sound, the sign is written above the line ; if a second or 
third-place, it is written on the line. No confusion 
arises from bringing second-place vowels down to the 
third position, since, when the second-place sign is 
thus transferred, the third-place sign is not used as a 
word-sign, and when the third is used the second is not. 



MARKS OF PUNCTUATION. 49 

36. The is a word-sign that often follows immediately 
after most of the others, and in order to avoid lifting the 
pen to write each separately, it is joined to the preceding 
sign in the shape of a light tick; thus, > of the, f on the, 
^ to the. 

Marks of Punctuation: x period, % colon, £ in- 
terrogation, ! wonder, jf grief, ? laughter, { ) paren- 
theses; the comma and semi-colon may be written as in 
common manuscript. 
. An emphatic word or sentence is indicated by a waved 

line being drawn beneath it; thus, • ; if it is desired to 

indicate that a word should commence with a capital let- 
ter, it is shown by two parallel lines being written under 
it; thus, ^L 

Reading Exercise VIII. 



A* * -^i-u/^-i Ar> 



L > A, 1 x \ ^-vT s^T< ? A 

^ I" > .,| v I *V IV V 

[ |x ..I • U~ s ^ r ^s A 






5 



50 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Writing Exercise VIII. 

Note. — In the following and a few subsequent exercises the sign- words 
thus far introduced will be indicated by being enclosed in quotation 
marks. As additional ones are spoken of, they will be indicated in the 
same way. 

When the may be united with a preceding word, they will be connected 
by a hyphen. 

Gariti tariet ?on; hjdei) muq ron; qeHfeti no il; aperet holli 
luvli amup us. 'els' erb 'and' 'de' aj. A ljvli 'and' hapi, 'but 7 
gidi, ber. $ o nutin. 'cle' het 'ov-de' f jr. Go 'tu-de' dor. 

He ma r|t 'el-de' tjm. La it 'on-de' /elf. Go W mj Jop 
'and' rin 'de' bel. Q Jadi porq 'and' kcofri) J^er. Ma hqrnioni 
Zon abjd in ^r qmq. 

FooliJ ber! 'Its' daj 'he' lavi/ raj muni 'on* so vjl a pol- 
isi? 'OP 'ha>' no 'ds' rffc '/lad' doo it. 



Review. — (26.) Which are the letters that may be written either up- 
ward or downward? (27.) Explain the up-stroke r as compared with ch. 
( 28. ) In words containing more than one consonant, how is up-stroke r 
distinguished from ch? (29.) Where are the first and third place vowels 
put to the up-stroke r ? (30.) Give the first rule for writing r ; the sec- 
ond, ditto; third; fourth; fifth; sixth; seventh? (31.) How is it determined 
when the strokes sh, r, I are written upward? (32.) Give the first rule 
for writing I; the second; third; fourth; fifth? (33.) Under what circum- 
stance is sh nearly always written upward ? ( 34. ) What is a word-sign ? 
Explain the difference between a word-sign and a sign-word. (35.) 
What is the word represented by the first place heavy dot ? The third 
place heavy dot ? Third place light dot? The diphthongs? What three 
words does the first place heavy dash represent ? What three the third 
place heavy dash ? What three the first place light dash ? What three 
the third place light dash? (36.) What is the practice in writing the 
after other word- signs. 



»»» H » i V » I iMitV l l 9 919 99 W V 99 V 9 »» MMMM* f '» 9 9 9 9 9 V f 9 9 ' < 9 9 9 9 9* 



■ itt*tt*i<ii*itAOt<it*i***ii<b*i< 



1*00011 ft. 



THE CIRCLE S AND Z—OOM, CON, WG, AND MP — 
CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 

The fact that s and z represent sounds of very fre- 
quent recurrence, renders it necessary, in order to 
secure the greatest brevity and beauty in writing, that 
they be furnished with an additional sign. Indeed, 
each subsequent chapter of these lessons is but to 
introduce some more abbreviated method of writing ; 
which, while it seems to render the system more com- 
plex, adds to it new beauty as well as value. 

37. The second forms for s and z are, a small circle, 
made light for the first, and thickened on one side for 
the latter; thus, o s, o z; the thickening of the ^-circle, 
however, is scarcely ever necessary, as the sense will 
nearly always indicate whether the circle should be s or 
z. Where great precision is requisite, the stroke z 
should be used. 

The circle is used much more frequently than the 
stroke s; it is employed, however, only in connection 
with stroke consonants, except as a word-sign. The 
table on the following page will assist the learner in 
fixing in his mind the peculiar connection the circle has 
with each long sign ; it will also be of service for refer- 
ence, in writing out the exercises in the lesson. 



(51) 



52 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

TABLE OF THE CIRCLE & 

\ sp | St /° Sch o sk 

\ sb f sd /° sj q — i sg 

\^ sf (^ sth J ss ^ ssb 

Vsv y stb J sz ^ szb 

C" si ) sr o/sr 

d~> sm Q_> sn — » sng ) sw g sh 

38. The stroke y never takes an initial circle, because 
not needed; it is used on its termination, however. The 
table presents the circle written only at the initial end 
of the strokes, whereas it may be written at either end, 
according as it is desired to read before or after the 
stroke ; thus, \© ps, — o ks, j ws, ^ hs; and it may 
also, of course, be written between two strokes; thus, 

J Test, \q^^/sn. 

39. The learner must observe the following rules in 
writing the circle : 

First, On all the straight vertical and inclined strokes 
it is written on the right-hand side, both beginning and 
end. 

Second, On the straight horizontal signs, which in- 
clude the up-stroke r, since it is nearer horizontal than 
vertical, it is written on the upper side. 

Third. It is written on the inner or concave side of 
all the curved signs. Compare the foregoing with the 
table. 

Fourth. When it comes between two consonants it is 
turned in the shortest way; thus, J tsk, S chsn, 



ON WRITING THE CIRCLE £ AND Z. 53 

40. In vocalizing words in which the circle s is used, 
the vowel-signs are to be placed to the strokes before 
which or after which they are heard, without any refer- 
ence to the circle. As rules to assist the learner in 
reading words containing the circle s, the following ob- 
servations are sufficiently explicit: 

First. If there is an initial circle, it is always read 
first, and then the vowel that precedes the stroke, and 
lastly the stroke itself, as I seat, q__: sack, & soul. 

Second. If no vowel precedes the stroke, the circle, 
stroke, and following vowel are read, in the order 
named; as \ spy, [- stow, q^j scale. 

Third. When the circle terminates a word, it is always 
the last to be read; as, ^ this, — p° goes, f looks, 
6""""^ seems, g A envoys, A^ suppose; when written between 
two strokes, its relation to the vowels is alw ays evident, 
as will be seen in examining £> lessen, v | excite. 

Reading Exercise IX. 

t \ t r- t r s — jl x 

C ^^- /^ Cxi V s )' k x 

S ^vyVVVftm MU f fMMMIMMff MMM I M»Mfl Mil 



54 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Writing Exercise IX. 

Sip, sa>p, sap, sop, set, sjd, set, set, sej, suq, sek, sok, sav, 
sjd, sst, sez, saj, ser, syr, sel, sol, sam, sum, sjn, soon, sin, 
sunk. 

Spj, sta, skj, sla, slo, slj, sno. Pes, daz, qez, jerz, gas, 
fez, vjs. cEis, doz, Joz, raz, r^s, srz, las, mjs, njs. 

Spek, spok, skem, sfer, slep, slak, smok, smel, snal, sink. 
Besto, beset, task, itself, spas, spesifj, skjz, sikst, ankjus, 
sedijus, risk, resjt, rezn, denjz, solas, holmes, ^ozn, mason. 

41. There are four cases where the long s or 2 must 
always be employed : First, when it is the only stroke 
consonant in a word; as, 'J ace, ) ease, J' so. Second, 
when it is the first consonant and preceded by a vowel ; 

as •! ash, %-^ escape. Third, when two distinct 

vowel sounds come between the s and following; conso- 
nant; as in the word Lld science. Fourth, when s or z is 
the last consonant in a word and followed by a vowel ; 
as **()- also, \0 palsy. Fifth, when z commences a 
word; as } zeal, Vf. Zion. 

42. When the sound of s or z is heard twice in the 
same syllable, either of two forms may be used, ss, 1 or 
j ss; if the last sound is that of z the circle should be 
made first and the stroke be written heavy ; thus, v ^ size. 

43. When the indistinct vowel i or e comes between 
ss or an s and a z, or between zz, in the middle or at the 
end of a word, the syllable is represented by a circle 
double the usual size; thus, \s pieces, £ chooses, \q 
suffices, K&< necessary. It should never begin a word, as 
in system. In the word exercise, it is allowable to put the 
diphthong I in the double circle, thus, • ^ 

T >M T MflM>MMUMMMMMHVMHMM>M I MMfM I M f t >y 



PREFIXES COM AND tfOZV — AFFIX ING. 55 

44. The circle is used as a word-sign for is, written 
above the line, thus, ° ; and for as, written on the line, 
thus, o; with the dot aspirate prefixed they become 
"° Jits, .0 has. 

Reading Exercise X. 



>'- U-') ^ *■.*.& L^V 



Writing Exercise X. 

£[sa, jsi, aslsp, esp^zal, aspiz, sjonz;— bizi, sp£si, lazi, 
hersa, ekselensi, obstinasij epilepsia sufijensi; — zooloji, zero, 
zelusli, zigzag. 

Ses, ses, sez, sez, sisorz, sizm. 

Basis, dosez, c/Dzez f kisez, diskusez, vjsez, ^nsez, relesez, 
egzist, pozesor. 

THE PREFIXES COM AND CON— THE AFFIX ING. 

45. For the sake of rendering Phonography as brief 
as possible, a few arbitrary signs are used, for the repre- 
sentation of prefixes and syllables in such words as 
would be inconvenient to write out in full. Thus, a 
light dot placed at the beginning of a word expresses 
the prefix com or con; as, [^ condemn, & console; 

x^ compare. 

46. A similar dot placed at the end of a word is 
used to represent the termination ing, when a separate 
syllable; as, »| aiding, /"\ living. Ring, tiling, bring, 
&c, are written with the stroke - -. It is often more 



mmmm vr^vw vmmm 



56 -•_ MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

convenient, especially when following the circle s or up- 
stroke r, to write the alphabetic ng; as \j passing, 
Vo, confessing ', / " rising; and after fr, bl, br, th, 
m; as, ^^\^^ nothing, ^~^^ ' seeming. Generally s — 
is written for ings; as \ beings, s^h rejoicings. A 
large dot may be used when more convenient; as | do- 
ings, </\ headings. 

47. MP. — The stroke for m is the only one that is 
not given in the alphabet heavy as well as light; and in 
order to make good use of all the means the alphabet 
affords, this stroke written heavy is made to represent 
the not unfrequent combination of m with p, either at 
the beginning, middle, or end of a word; thus, <p^ 
empire , \^^^ temporary, /T lamp. 

Writing Exercise XI. 

Komit, kompoz, kompjl, kompozirj, kombat, kontaminat, 
kontenjus, konvinsirj, konva, konspjr, konspirasi, konsolatori, 
konsulfip, konservatizm, konjusnes;— pain, hopirj, djirj, stirj, 
goirj, herirj, ferirj. 

Pump, tempi, temporal, damp, jumpirj, rump, tump, sim- 
plify, simplisiti, egzampl, romp, limp. 

CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 

On the following page is given an alphabetic arrange- 
ment of all the simple consonant word-signs. Let them 
be copied a few times in the order presented, which, in 
connection with the powers of the letters, will enable 
the mind to recollect the words for which they stand. 
The circle s may be added to any consonant sign for the 
formation of plural nouns, or the third person singular, 
present tense, of verbs ; thus, v — 9 things, g advantages* 
d comes, ( thinks. 



CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 57 



CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS. 

\np | it /which _j kingdom 

r ( come 

\ be I do / advantage -j ° "-. 

V for ( think J so ^J shall 

V nave V tnem J was / usual-ly 

( will ) are 

^^ J me, my f in f thing 

( him, may ^""^ (no ( language 

A way /^ your ^ — v J important-ee 

' " \ iraprove-ment 

48. In the above, and all other lists of word-signs, 
when a word is printed with a hyphen, as give-n, the sign 
will represent either the whole word, or only so much as 
precedes the hyphen, which is, by itself, another word ; 
thus, "" " is either give or given. Such words being 
nearly alike in sound, and yet different parts of speech, 
or otherwise incapable of being taken one for the other, 
cause no difficulty to the reader. 

49. Inasmuch as the horizontal strokes do not fill 
the space which a line of writing occupies, they are 
made to represent two words, as in the case of the vowel 
word-signs, one above the line and the other on the 
line — those written above the line containing first-place 
vowels; those on the line, second or third-place. 

50. There are but three exceptions to this rule of 
position, (See §16,) namely: any, though its accented 
vowel is second-place, is written above the line, so that 
if left unvocalized it will not be confounded with no; 
him, containing a first-place vowel, is written on the line 
to keep it from being confounded with me; men is writ- 
ten above, to keep it clear of man, on the line. 



V V< ¥WWVW VV + '*V VV¥VV W V W l *V *' fVV W V 'l )> ¥ V *W *VVV '9W V V *V VW*WWWW V ¥* V * . 



58 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Reading Exercise XI. 

' \-^ 3 J ' t, x '" " f ' 

O v O VI. W 19 

^ ^\ 'r ^> VI , . v (• L i, 



s r, ° • ' v l XS-f . 



. X 



H » n » » » <i»>»ifiiiii i^ >i fi i>f»f 



> yrf^T^ nv i M i mi 



EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 59 



Writing Exercise XII. 

tE ljk 'do' 'kindom' 'az' j 'da>' a republik. S'Da)' da *tigk J 
da 'wil' <kum' 'up' 'tu-de' mqrk. CI f eZii) 'ov' e ' Jud' f i? dj sol 
'in' dis #oli tes. Asperiti loozez 'de' qef 'ov' 'its' dezjnz. 
'Hiz' lazines 'iz' eksesiv; 'he' disljks 'hiz' buks. 'Hiz' fansi 
iz 'yq,3H,ali' r i& lsLn &' '^ z> dezjnz fu? 'ov' ljf. 3'Haz' dis juj 
'no' justis. Onesti 'iz' r\t polisi. '01' eskap 'tu-de' siti 
'iz' hoples. 

<i'Xud' c de' nam 'be* put 'on-de' ^tsjd 'and' 'on-de' top 
<ov-de' boks. <i<Ete' meni 'qr' 'tu' go. 'It' 'iz' 'too' muq 'tu' 
divjd amun 'dem'. Zisn 'tu-de' Zeson, 'and' 'be' bizi, 'az' a 
be* 'Jud' 'be' 'hco' asp^rz 'tu' 'be' at 'de' bed 'ov-de' ska)?. 
Sinser soro 'iz' ezili sen besjd fete. So/al Ip 'givz' mug 
bapines. 

(Xsk 'no' fasiliti 'in' biznes afajz, unfes 'it' 'be' nesesari. 
Sunset seneri Joz riq kulorz 'and' bandsum Jadz; 'and' 'it' 
Qanjez intu meni varid formz. itiqez 'qr' set bj sum, 'az' 'de' 
c,ef bapines 'in' dis ljf, bekez reali nesesari, 'az' da supoz. 



Review.— (37.) What are the second forms for s and z? (38.) Where 
may the circle be written ? (39.) On which side of the vertical and in- 
clined strokes is it turned ? Which side of the straight horizontals ? 
Which side of all the curves ? How is it written between two strokes ? 
(40.) Sow are strokes having an ^-circle vocalized? If there be an initial 
circle and preceding vowel, what is the order of reading ? If vowels both 
precede and follow, what is the order? (41.) How many cases are there 
where the stroke s must be used ? What is the first? second? third? and 
fourth? (42.) How should the ss in the same syllable be written? How 
szf (43.) What syllables does the double circle represent? What is the 
exception? (44.) What are the sign-words for the circle? (45.) What 
are the prefixes? (46.) What is the affix? When is it more convenient 
to write the alphabetic ngf (47.) What is the signification of m made 
heavy? (48.) Give the words for the first eight consonant signs ; for the 
next eight; for the next seven. (49.) What is the rule for writing words 
whose only consonant is a horizontal one? (50.) What are the three 
exceptions ? 



y MM MMHMM»MKMff» f M»yfM > M f MfMfM > MMM 



^ -- > a a ■*■ i ^ u>4^ 



IjSBflB 5. 



IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS — TF-HOOK — TRIPHTHONGS, 

51. The improper diphthongs are so termed because 
they consist of the union of consonants with vowels ; 
namely, w and y with each of the twelve vowels ; — the 
improper triphthongs are the union of w with the diph- 
thongs j, ec, and y. The fact that w and 3/ never occur 
in English except before vowels, and thus occur so 
frequently, induced the inventor of Phonography to 
represent each of the combined sounds by a single 
letter, and thus save time and space for the writer. 

TF-SERIES. 

THE DOT GROUP. THE DASH GROUP. 



long. short. 

I we j wi 

i I 

c j wa c | we 

c j wq, c j wa 



long. short, 

j we I wo 



wo * wu 

woo J wia 



I 52. To obtain suitable characters for the representa- 
tion of the ^-series, a small circle is divided perpendicu- 
larly, thus V, the first or left-hand half of the circle 
representing the union of w with the first, or dot series 
of vowels; and like them it is made heavy for the long 
sounds; as c \ weep, */ wage, ^ quam; and light 
for the short; as / witch, \/^ dwell, c wag. 



(60) 



IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 61 

53. The second half of the circle represents the 
union of w with the second, or dash series of vowels, 
heavy and light; as V— v warm, A^ wove, v_ woof, / 
watch, ° V — ^worm, 5 | would. 

54. The first place sign of the second series of diph- 
thongs, both long and short, when followed by h, up- 
stroke r, or n, is written in connection with such conso- 
nants ; thus, 2 — walk, ^/ war, 3 — • wan. 

55. These signs should be written as small as they 
well can be and preserve distinct semi-circles ; and, like 
the proper diphthongs, they must always be written 
vertically, and not change with the different inclinations 
of the consonants. 



Reading Exercise XII. 

j'\ v 7 ^ ^ ^i" 



<J 



Writing Exercise XIII. 

Wek, wat, wav, wsknes, bewal, swqr, aswaj, wajez; — widt, 
wet, wqft, wiked, swel, kwak, ekwiti, akwies, relinkwij. 

Weker, wok, wood, wermli, kwota, kworum; — wocj, wud, 
wojin, skwolid, swomp. 

Werljk, werfqr, werti, wekigstik. 



>***«»« I 



62 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

56. THE IT-HOOK. — The half circle, light, is joined to 
the first end of I, up-stroke r, m, and n, to represent the 
simple sound of w; the stroke to which it is written is 
then vocalized as in the case of the s-circle; thus, *f~ 
wail, &f worry, ^~~~^~~f' womanly, ^±^ wane. 

57. The alphabetic sign must always be employed 
when w is the only consonant in a word, (except in the 
word-sign c we;) and in words that commence with a 
vowel, followed by w; and also when w is followed by s; 
thus, }'woe, a! awake, Sk Wesley. 



Reading Exercise XIII. 

.^ a H ^r- ~*i y^ r^x 
vr ^ -y x 

Writing Exercise XIV. 

Walirj, wel, wilinli, Wi?son, kwel, ekwali; — Woles, wuli; 
— wen, bewa/, wa/7iss, werisum; — kworel, wurk, wurkman- 
Jip, wurjip, wurtiles, wurdili. 

"Wompum, wumanZjk, skwemijnes; — windo, kwenq, twenti, 
twinj, entwjn. Wjr, kweri, inkwjr, wel-beirj, skwolor, elo- 
kwens, ekwanimiti. 

Wod, aw^r, w^zli. 



TRIPHTHONGS. 63 

TRIPHTHONGS. 

58. The characters with which to represent the com- 
bination of w with the diphthongs, are obtained by 
dividing a small square thus, S^ ; the left-hand right- 
angle, in the first position, representing the triphthong 
wi, the other, in the first position, woi, and in the third, 
wow; thus, L ^_ wife, n ] quoit. Since the introduction 
of the w-hook to r, I, m, n, the ivow character is not 
needed in writing English. Sometimes L may be con- 
nected with the following consonant; as | wide, \_ wife. 

59. By placing the aspirate before these improper 
diphthongs and triphthongs, we get the proper represen- 
tation of the first two sounds in such words as wheat, 
whig, while, (the w coming before the h in the old 
orthography being an inversion of the order of the 
elements in speaking the words;) thus, ' <: | wheat, — 
whig. 

60. When the w-hook is used, the aspirate is indi- 
cated by making the hook heavy ; thus, ^ wheel, 
c/^<L wherefore. But when the alphabetic w is em- 
ployed, the aspirate is indicated by a small tick, thus, 

*\ whiz. 

Beading Exercise XIV. 



yK. t>f .#r y- . ( ^_r jT\ x 



64 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Writing Exercise XV. 

Wjvz, kwjet, wjdnes, kwjetnes, kwert, Irikwo*. 

Hwip, hwjt, liwigeri; — hwa.rbj, hwajwid, hwajat, hwerlpa>l, 
enihw^r, nohwaj; — hwelbaro, hwelrjt, hwaler, hwimzikaliti, 
hwelm; — hwens, hwjn; — hwisker, hwisler. 

W WORD-SIGNS, 
c c ~j 



we were witli what would 

±_ L _^_ _^_ </_ C__ 

why while when one where well 

61. These word-signs, like the simple vowel-signs, 
are to be written above or on the line, as their positions 
in the table indicate. 

Reading Exercise XV. 



A 

L 









EXERCISE ON IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 65 






-\y 



\ 



£ ..I : ^Ls> 



^n v^ I / • ^_^- a6 Voj 



Writing Exercise XVI. 

Bew^r ov-de' wjn kup. d wjz qers. 'We' 'wild' { bs' hapi 
wid' 'hiz' kumpani. 'Hwi' 'J\ad' 'we' kil 'and' et swjn? 
'Hwot' 'iz' 'hiz' wif, 'and' 'hwqr' 'wild' 'he' go? 'Hwj', o! 
'hwj', 'mj' sol, dis angwij. 

OB go awa 'hwaj' anzjeti, wo 'and' ankfus ted asal no 'wun'. 
'Wud' i 'wer' at horn. Wer wurks mizeri, 'hwjP pes 'givz' 
kq,m repoz 'tu' 'el'. 



6 



66 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



y-SERIES. 



THE 


DOT 


GROUP. 


THE ] 


long. 

i ye 




short. 
1 J 1 


long. 
n*: 

j ye 


w; ya 




v ! y e 


\ y© 


J yq 




J y a 


J y<*> 



short. 

I y<> 

i 
n| yu 



62. To obtain characters to represent the ^-series of 
improper diphthongs, the small circle is taken and 
divided horizontally, thus, — £— ; the under half repre- 
sents the dot group of vowels, and is made heavy for the 
long sounds; as, w ^\ year, y^ Yale, J) Yazoo; and light 
for the short; as, ") yis, (a common but not approved 
pronunciation of yes,) /^' yell, ^-^ yam; the upper 
half represents the union of y with the dash group of 
vowels, heavy and light; as, ^f yawl, /\ yo he, A ) use; 
"— * yon, s^^. young; y never occurs before u, in the 
English language. 

63. In writing, the same rules must be observed in 
regard to these signs as with the ^-series. (§52.) 

64. Word-signs. — _v. A 

ye, yet, beyond, you. 



Reading Exercise XVI. 



r^ *& 




\r\, 



J : 



>>MMMMMMf »> fVf^MMMMM<M > MIMM UMMM 



EXERCISES ON IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 



67 



Writing Exercise XVII. 

Yerli, yen, yerlii), yeloij, yelpig, yomanri, Yokigani, yugij, 
Nil Yerk, hty, si^t, amn,z, rsdi^s, di^ti, rsfi^z, konti^meli, 

anynal. 

'cle' ycoti 'ov' ^r kornujiiti 'Jud' eq qooz sum fa,r egzampl, 
•and' folo 'it' kontinyiiali. Pip* simplisiti -givz* { ms' jo*, ctis 
Manyi^a] 'fiad' 'bs' 'yoor' gjd. 'It' 'iz' a wurk 'ov' yi^tiliti. 

Reading Exercise XVII. 




68 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

Writing Exercise XVIII. 

Nij, Yerk 'iz' a popyujus siti, 'Ycd' 'no' 'W i am 'yet' j 
am at a los 'tu' spek 'yoDr' nam. Hi^maniti 'JucF liv 'in' pes 
'az' 'wun' komuTriti; da 'Jud' dwel 'tugeder' 'in' 'el-de' ert 
'in' hq,rmoni 'and' luv. It* 'vod' ma ^ falyurz 'in' &q,ti, 'yco' 
Svil' resev 'de' laj 'ov' justis. '<Ie' m^z-bo* ami^zez himself 
'tuv^l' wekin. Ho yes! ho yes! sez 'de' yurj bel-riner. 'cte' 
yok 'ov-de' oks 'iz' hevi; 'it' gelz 'hiz' nek dis werm da. 'In' 
daz 'ov' yor, 'hwen' 'we' 'wer' yun. 

'We' 'yqgiiali' 'giv' 'dem' at -srz 'f er' slep, twelv f f or' wurk, 
'and' for 'hwicj' da 'ma' 'improDv' 'in' eni *wa\ '3s' be-z j am 
tec,in 'q,r' dez jrus 'ov' 'impro>vment' ; da sem 'tia' 'Dink' 'in' dis 
'wa' — 'hwot' 'iz' wurt dooin at 'el' 'iz' wurt dcoin 'wel'. $ hop 
da 'wil' elwaz liv 'up' 'tu' dis maksim, 'so' <Jal' da 'hav' suk- 
ses 'in' ljf. Sun, 'giv' 'me' 'ya>r' er, 'and' l 'wil' tec, 'yco' 'de' 
'wa' 'ov' ljf. Lent 'ov' daz 'iz' 'givn' us 'for' sojal 'and' re- 
lijus 'improovment'. 

Review. — (51.) Explain the improper diphthongs, the triphthongs. 
(52.) How are those of the w-series represented? Which series of vowels > 
combined with w, does the left-hand half of the circle represent? (53.) 
What are the sounds of the right-hand half of the circle? (54.) To what 
consonants may the signs for ivaw and wo be written without lifting the 
pen? (55.) How should these signs be written? (56.) To what strokes 
does the w semi-circle connect and form a hook? On which side of the 
up-stroke r is it written? How does it differ in power from the improper 
diphthongs? (57.) When must the alphabetic w be employed? (58.) 
Describe the representation of the triphthongs. (59.) What is the pho- 
nographic representation of wht (60.) How is the w-hook aspirated? 
(61.) Designate the first line of word-signs; the second. 

(62.) What are the signs to represent the ^/-series? Which half of the 
circle represents the dot series? What are their sounds? What are the 
sounds of the upper half? (63.) How are they to be written to the con- 
sonants? (64.)* What are the word-signs? 



^^^^^-•^^^^^ A ^- , -^^^---'*-'*-'«-- fcA -*--*--*-- , '-*-^^ A -*-*"*-- # -- fc -*- AAA -*- A ** AA<4 - AAAAA * AA y 



%tmin 6. 



INITIAL HOOKS — THE Z-HOOK EXPLAINED. 

65. A peculiar characteristic of I and r is, that they 
readily unite with preceding consonants — they now back 
into them, as it were ; and hence their classification as 
liquids. This union, though a kind of double sound, is 
formed by little more than a single effort of the voice. 
Take, for illustration, the two words play and pray, and 
observe how simultaneously the pi and pr are spoken ; 
so in the termination of the words title and acre; in the 
former class of words no vowel sound comes between the 
two consonants, of course; in the latter a very indistinct 
one is heard, but which it is not necessary to represent 
in Phonography. 

66. The most philosophical and brief way of repre- 
senting these combinations is undoubtedly by some dis- 
tinct and uniform modification of the simple letters. 
The modification adopted for the I is that of a hook 
written thus : 

\ P, \ Ph | t, f tl; ^_f,^A etc. 

.67. As the long consonants are heard first in the 
words, consistency would seem to require that they be 
written first and the hooks afterward; but the reverse of 
this is the case, for the reason that hooks on the termi- 
nation of strokes may be more philosophically and 
advantageously employed for other purposes; and be- 

(69) 



\ Mlllimi t MntH<Mlfi>*i«ilt i MHM**HUtMtM1M»M< 



70 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



sides, pi, tlj Tel, fl, &c, being considered single sounds 
almost, the stroke and the hook must be regarded as an 
indivisible sign; they should actually be spoken as such 
in spelling and reading, i. e., as the final syllables in 
Simple (pi), little (d), muffle (Jl) : iicJcle (hi)) and not as 
p, I; tj I; /, I: k, I. A distinction is thus made between 
p, I pronounced as two letters, and pi pronounced as 
one ; the former suggests \/^~, and the latter \ . 

68. To assist the pupil in remembering these hooks, 
it may be observed, that if the feft hand be held up, 
with the first finger bent, the outline of tl will be seen ; 
and by turning the hand round in the various positions 
assumed by the letters, p, t, ch, k, all the double conso- 
nants of the pi series will be formed; thus, 



chl 

si 





TABLE OF THE Z-HOOK. 






ftl 

(till 



S chl 

.-J zhl I 



kl 



gl 



struck up. 



69. The hook is first turned, and then the long con- 
sonant struck in the usual manner. The Z-hook, like 
the s-circle, is made on the right-hand side of the verti- 
cal and inclined straight strokes, on the upper side of 
the straight horizontals, and on the inside of the curves. 



H T IIMMM» l l»mM>riHMMM< 



THE Z-HOOK. 71 

70. This hook to the strokes s, z, down-stroke r, and 
Tiy, is not needed, since for si and zl, the circle is used 
with more advantage; as, (f^ slay, sf£~ muscle; and the 
initial hook to I, up-stroke r, m, and n, is more useful 
as w. (§56) 

71. The s/i and z/i take the Z-hook only when they 
are combined with other stroke consonants, and then 
they are struck upward; thus, j^J essential, 

72. The stroke and the hook being considered as one 
sign, are vocalized as though no hook were used; and in 
writing, if a vowel precedes a hooked stroke it is written 
before it; thus, «\ able, \_ evil; and if the vowel fol- 
lows, it must be placed after; thus, \ play, c. q close; 
or a vowel may be written both before and after; thus 
J\ ably, V P idler, J declare, _^-e_^— >, exclaim. 

73. In some combinations of consonants it is difficult 
to make a good Miook, but it can generally be under- 
stood, as in the word /{ \ reply; in some cases, how- 
ever, it is more convenient to write the long I; as in 
— Qf~ accessible. 

The learner must remember that the hook I is to be 
used only when its sound follows a preceding stroke 
consonant; hence Ip, Id, Ik, &c, must be written with 
the stroke I. 

Reading Exercise XVIII, 



V /*— /* \ yJ A 



A\ 



\' N 



/ ^ V /C— ./• \ V* 



\ 



*cs 



VMPMMUMfMfTIMMMM ff MMMUMMMM T fVM I MM 



*** 



72 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

Writing Exercise XIX. 

Pla, bio, gle, flj, pis - , aplj, ©bljj, aflikt, Bjbl, tjtl, kupl, 
plenti, blazez, klasez, regal, fikl, rsklam, in flam, removal, 
fatal, radikal, klerikal, bufel, espejal, inqrjal, infrq,enfal. 

VOCALIZING THE Z-HOOK. 

74. It has been stated, (§65) that the Z-hook is 
designed to be used wlien no vowel comes between the 
sound of I and a preceding consonant, or when the 
vowel is but indistinctly beard ; as, V* flee, c clay, 

\o apples, c ° eagles; but it is found very convenient, 
occasionally, to take a little license with the rule, and 
use the hook even where a vowel sound is distinctly 
heard between it and the stroke. Thus, in writing the 
word falsehood, it is much easier and quicker to write 
the hook I, thus, \p than thus, v/T) 

75. When this is done, a peculiar scheme of vocali- 
zation is resorted to; namely, the dot vowels are indi- 
cated by a small circle placed in the three positions, 
before the stroke for the long, and after for the short 
vowels; as L~ delusive, \ till, /\~~Z legal; when the dash 
vowels are to be read between the stroke and the hook, 
it is indicated by striking the dash through the stroke ; 
as '~\ culpable; or when its place is at the hooked end 
it may be written just before the hooked stroke; thus, 
£S*\ tolerable; the diphthongs, when necessary, are 
written as the stroke vowels; thus / 9v childish, (See 
§110) ^ qualify. 

This method of writing is used to a very limited 
extent ; and the learner is cautioned against using it for 
any words but such as are designated, in this and subse- 
quent lessons, to be written thus. 



-^. . . i. * ■ . * . . , f ,i fn il f h r • » * * rmr • ....... 

X-HOOK AND THE CIRCLE. 73 



Reading Exercise XIX. 



*-r\ 







Writing Exercise XX. 

Felsiti, foolskap, felo-sitizenz, fulnes, fulminat, vulgat, 
filosofikal, voluptyqus, konvulsiv kolonial, galvanik, kalam- 
iti, kolekt. 



L-HOOK PRECEDED BY THE ^-CIRCLE. 

76. The s-circle is prefixed to the compound conso- 
nant signs, as well as to the simple. It is first written, 
and the pen carried round so as to form the hook before 
making the long sign; thus, ^\ supple, ,/ sachel, S^ 
civilize. 

77. No new rules are required for vocalizing; it 
needs only to be borne in mind when the long s is to be 
used (§41); and that the stroke and hook are considered 
as one sign, and if the vowel is heard before them it is 
written before them ; if after, it is written afterward ; as 
in the previous examples. 

78. In reading, the circle is read first, then the 
vowel, if one precedes the compound stroke; and lastly 
the compound consonant, with its following vowel, if 
there be one, as in civilize above. 

79. Word-signs. — c — call, c difficult-^ ^ full, 

I till and tell, ^ value. 



7 



72 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

Writing Exercise XIX. 

Pla, bio, gle, flj, pte, aplj, obljj, aflikt, > Bjbl, tjtl, kupl, 
plenti, blazez, klasez, regal, fikl, reklarn, intlam, removal, 
fatal, radikal, klerikal, bujel, espejal, niqrjal, influenzal. 

vocalizing the x-hook. 

74. It has been stated, (§65) tbat the Z-book is 
designed to be used wben no vowel conies between tbe 
sound of I and a preceding consonant, or wben tbe 

vowel is but indistinctly beard ; as, v flee, c clay, 

\o apples, c ° eagles; but it is found very convenient, 
occasionally, to take a little license witb tbe rule, and 
use tbe book even wbere a vowel sound is distinctly 
beard between it and tbe stroke. Tbus, in writing tbe 
word falsehood, it is mucb easier and quicker to write 
tbe book I, tbus, vp tban tbus, \/71 

75. "Wben tbis is done, a peculiar scbeme of vocali- 
zation is resorted to; namely, tbe dot vowels are indi- 
cated by a small circle placed in tbe tbree positions, 
before tbe stroke for tbe long, and after for tbe sbort 
vowels; as Lo delusive, \° till, /^""o" legal; wben tbe dasb 
vowels are to be read between tbe stroke and tbe book, 
it is indicated by striking tbe dasb tbrougb tbe stroke ; 
as ~\ culpable; or wben its place is at tbe booked end 
it may be written just before tbe booked stroke; tbus, 
l^\ tolerable; tbe dipbtbongs, wben necessary, are 
written as tbe stroke vowels; tbus m /° w childish, (See 
§110) *~K. qualify. -S 

Tbis metbod of writing is used to a very limited 
extent ; and tbe learner is cautioned against using it for 
any words but sucb as are designated, in tbis and subse- 
quent lessons, to be written tbus. 



tm 



Z-HOOK AND THE CIRCLE. 73 



Reading Exercise XIX. 



i 



V"" 



V v '^°S W ^v tyS; 



Writing Exercise XX. 

Felsiti, fa>lskap, felo-sitizenz, f mines, fulminat, vulgat, 
filosofikal, voluptyqus, konvulsiv kolonial, galvanik, kalam- 
iti, kolekt. 



L-HOOK PRECEDED BY THE ^-CIRCLE. 

76. The s-circle is prefixed to the compound conso- 
nant signs, as well as to the simple. It is first written, 
and the pen carried round so as to form the hook before 
making the long sign ; thus, ^\ supple, ./ sachet, \^ 
civilize. 

77. No new rules are required for vocalizing; it 
needs only to be borne in mind when the long s is to be 
used (§41); and that the stroke and hook are considered 
as one sign, and if the vowel is heard before them it is 
written before them ; if after, it is written afterward ; as 
in the previous examples. 

78. In reading, the circle is read first, then the 
vowel, if one precedes the compound stroke; and lastly 
the compound consonant, with its following vowel, if 
there be one, as in civilize above. 

79. Word-signs. — e — call, c difficult-y, ^ full, 

I till and tell, t value. 



MMfMMM>MMflfM ff»f ffMIMMMM>'HMMMMHMIM < 

7 



Tpr-^^ - i ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■^^■^■^'' 



»--»■--■■»■---»■-*■■'-■'■-'■ -*-,- 



74 



MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY 



Reading Exercise XX. 







<^p .o 



I ' 5 



r 



w« 



M»MMMIM I 



>M»M > M ^ 



EXERCISE ON THE Z-HOOK, AND REVIEW. 75 

Writing Exercise XXI. 

Setl, sjdl, sutlti, siviliti, siklz, supines, siviljzig, swivZ, 
spljsirj, pesfial, posibl, fiklnes, fszibl, advjzabl, displairj, 
disklozez. 

Note. — In the following exercise, I is italicized when it is to be writ- 
ten with the hook. 

►EDLNES. — 3<d?nes 'iz' a pfag 'tu-de' skolar, <fer> unles 'hz' 
ap?jz himself kfosli 'tu.' 'hiz' bilks, 'he' kozez 'el' klam 'tia-de' 
apZez 'ov' <hiz' famili 'or' 'hiz' ofija? superior. 'It' 'iz' Jamfiai; 
'for* 'he' 'fud' reko/ekt h^ 'biz' famili 'hav* a rjt 'tia' Ink 
'fer' sumtii) yiisfW 'in' 'him' 'tu' repa 'dem' 'for' terl 'and' arjz j- 
eti. 'It' 'iz' unreznab?; 'for' unles 'he' 'giv' 'up' 'hiz' eviZ 'wa' 
'and' 'da>' 'hiz' duji fatfuZi, 'no' b/esirj avvats him, 'but' 'he' 
Hz' disp/ezirj 'tu' 'hiz' kZas-feloz, *tu' himself, 'and' 'tu' 'eP 
pepL Fjnali, 'it' 'iz' efW; 'for' jd? habits 'qr' apt 'tu' bekum 
wurs, 'and' 'ds' eviZ 'wun' "elwaz misqif seks 'fer' jd£ yoot 'tu' 
'doo'." 'But' 'de' skolar 'hoo' fatfuZi apZjz himself 'tii' wurk, 
'wiP obZjj 'him' 'ha>' teqez 'him', 'and' pZez 'eP pepZ 'ha/ ( no ? 
'him'. 

Review. — (65.) Explain the peculiar character of I and r. (66.) 
What is the contracted form of representing them? (67.) How are strokes 
with I and r-hooks to be spoken? (68.) How may you remember the po- 
sition of the hook? (69.) On which side of the vertical and inclined 
straight strokes is the Z-hook written? Which side of the straight hori- 
zontals? Which side of the curves? (70.) To which of the strokes is the 
Z-hook not written, and why? ( 71. ) How do sh and zh take the Z-hook? 
(72.) How are Z-hook strokes vocalized? (74.) What is said about a 
vowel sound between the stroke consonant and the hook? (75.) How are 
vowels of the dot series represented in the scheme for vocalizing the hook? 
How the dash series? How the diphthongs? (76.) How may the s-circle 
be written to the hooked strokes? (78.) What is the rule for reading 
such compound strokes? (79.) What are the £-hook word-signs? 



'P» fV fT >»Mi»Vy»Vff¥ T ytTyi 



>i*A*tit<li*ti«l^tll^t*iiAii^i*i^l1l>iij 



ttBBzn 7. 



THE i?-HOOK — DOUBLE CURVE FOR THR. 

80. If the right hand be held up, with the first 
finger bent, the outline of tr will be seen, and by turn- 
ing the hand round to the following positions, all the 
double consonants of the pr series will be produced. 




tr 



chr 




kr C 



TABLE OF THE £-HOOK. 
\ pr 1 tr S chr 

\br ] dr /jr 

^ fr ) thr J shr . 

^ vr ") thr J zhr 1 

nr 



*— kr 
c— gr 

struck down. 



81. The r-hook is written on the left-hand side of 
the vertical and inclined straight strokes, and on the 
under side of the straight horizontals — just the reverse 
of the Z-hook. 



I MMI V<*FV^*1^^^9WWW+ 



(76) 



THE R-KOOK. 77 

82. It will be seen from the table that/, v, th, and th 
take the r-hook by assuming inverted positions and 
occupying the places of r, w, s, and z; thus, °^ free, 7\ 
over, j through, J either, which they can do without 
ambiguity, since these letters never receive an initial 
hook. In this there is an apparent disorder, but, when 
properly viewed, they are in strict analogy with the 
straight consonants. If the character \ pi be cut out 
in a piece of paper or card, and then turned over, \ pr 
is produced ; in the same way v. fi, if cut in card, and 
reversed, gives °^ fr. 

83. To indicate the r-hook on m and n, the strokes 
are made heavy, which distinguishes them from wm wn; 
thus, W' honor, J* dinner, er ^/r^r grammar) and as 
neither mp nor ng take any hook, it will not lead to 
any confusion. 

Sometimes this hook, like the Z-hook, has to be made 
rather indistinctly, as \1 degree, J ascribe. After 

_y the downward r is used instead of the hook, as J* 
shaker. ' l 

84. The remarks in regard to vocalizing the ?-hook 
strokes apply in every particular to the r-hook strokes. 
It should especially be borne in mind that the hooked 
strokes are regarded as one letter, and spoken as the last 
syllable in reaper, letter, acre, &c, and not as p, r; t, r, 
k, r, &c; and that as a general thing the hook is only 
used when no distinct vowel sound comes between an- 
other consonant and a following r; as in \ pray, c \ 
crew, -1 utter, f^) leisure. 

85. When | tr is preceded by I (xoaw), they may 
be united ; as in ^ water, and all its compounds. 

'. »»f vtvvTov tvvyyyv »v f »iv iy»f»ff»f »f fv»» f »»f»fft ff > > fiT»ff f I 



78 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Reading Exercise XXI. 



\ I- p _r ■*> 'x '^ y -=7 






Writing Exercise XXII. 

Drj, tre, dra, krj, gro, aker, odor, uper, apqz, £Tpril, aprc&v, 
drern, brij, frek, Fqda, mcDver, klover, tro, gader, eragi^r, 
plumer, murder, inaner, onorabl, overluk, everihw^r, kriui- 
inal, purqasez, transpoz, trembl, bruder, jurni, jurnal, framer, 
wunderi'ial. Ceker, joker. 



86. A limited license is taken with the above rule, 
(§84) as in the case of the ?-hook, and the r-hook is some- 
times used when a distinct vowel sound comes between it 
and the previous consonant; in which case the same pecu- 
liar scheme of vocalization is employed; thus. i. Dear- 
sir, \ y person, c+° course-, / require, \ posture. 

Beading Exercise XXII. 



Vi^A^ .A 
sr ^ ^\ ^ vl 




THE i?-HOOK. 79 



Writing Exercise XXIII. 

Cerfial, kajles, merli, nerli, ©qrlz, cjqrkol, paragraf, Jctrk, 
Jqrper, terni, pervers, korsli, moraliti, nert, nurij, enermiti, 
preliminari, fetyu/. 

THE #-HOOK PRECEDED BY THE S-CIRCLE. 

87. The s-circle precedes the r-hook in much the 
same manner as it does the Z-hook; thus, it might be 
written c \ spr, <s — skr; but since the s-circle alone 
never occupies the r-hook side of the straight strokes, 
advantage is taken of the circumstance, since a circle is 
more easily written than a circle and a hook, to write 
simply the circle; thus, (• stray, ° r ~~ v scream, J cider, 
cr l— succor, J? sieger. But with the curves this con- 
traction cannot be made, since the simple s-circle occu- 
pies the place; hence the circle and hook must both be 
written; thus y\ suffer, <rv summer, ^-^ sinner. 

88. When the s-circle and r-hook come between two 
straight consonants, it is often more convenient to write 
the hook in addition to the circle than not; as in V 
prosper, 1 1 extra. 

89. The same rules are to be observed in vocalizing 
and reading that were given for the Z-hook preceded by 
the s-circle, (§77, §78.) 

Reading Exercise XXIII. 



MMMMV I MMMMMf t » < 



> l>»>fllVV » »m i H» » » > »»f » M I I i 



82 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Note. — In the following exercise r is italicized when it is to be written 
with the hook. 

Writing Exercise XXV. 

SSKIUSNES AND SQBM8TL— NuMrj nob! iz tu be had 
but wid seriusnes and sobrjeti. (I sober person seks tu wa de 
tra> walyn/ ov tirjz and tu la no tre^\\rz in trjflz, but 'rader' 
on hwot iz 'important.' Nutin, perhaps, strjks us az so stranj 
and fcolij az tu obzerv pepl serius ab^t trjflz, and trjflirj wid 
serius tirjz. Sosjeti suferz konsiderabli bj de trjfler, h© hats 
sobrjeti and seriusnes, and wud sooner hav t'oli tu ran sqprem. 
Supljd wid strez tu pla wid, he sufe?-z de strem ov lj? tu flo 
awa, until del) puts in hiz sikl, and separats de strirj ov ljf. 
Ns" iz no tjm for sukor er eskap. He strjks wid strerji) and 
unerirj am; strips him ov el hiz plsz, strooz hiz hops intu de 
a/, and a strugl klozez hiz karsr. 

It iz boi) untroo and stranj tu konstra> seriusnes intu sadnes, 
er tu konsider sobrjeti de sam az unhapines; for it iz skajsli 
posibl tu be properli ga er trcoli hapi, unles we no hwen tu 
be sober. 



Review. — (80.) How will you remember the form of the r-hook? (81.) 
On which side of the straight strokes is the r-hook written? (82.) What 
strokes do not take the r-hook? In what way do /, v, th, th, take the 
r-hook? Explain this irregularity. (83.) How do m and n take this 
hook? (84.) What is said about vocalizing? How do you name the strokes 
of the r-hook? (86.) What is the license in regard to the use of the 
r-hook? Explain the peculiar scheme of vocalization. (87.) How is the 
^-circle prefixed to the straight r-hook strokes? How to the curves? (90.) 
What is effected by doubling the length of curved strokes? (91.) Des- 
ignate the first four word-signs; the next four; the last three. 



> » » l »»fMM > MM >I MMfMMMMMMIf > >Mf»fMff f Mf >>> »» 



. AA Jt . t A^ J .^A^AA^ J , J .^^AA^AXA^AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA J ..t.AAAA^AAAA A A»AAA 



JLimkvl 8- 



TERMINAL HOOKS. 

92. Since the hooked strokes, although representing 
two elementary sounds, are written with nearly the same 
facility as the simple strokes, the method of hooking is 
applied to the termination of the consonant signs as well 
as to the beginning. The most useful purposes which 
the two terminal hooks can subserve, are to represent 
the very frequent sound of n, and the common final 
syllable tion, heard in such words as nation, passion, 
physician, &c. 





TABLE OF 


THE JV-HOOK. 


Vpn 




J tn 


y chn — => kn 


\bn 




J dn 


</ jn — =gn 


Vofn 




Cthn 


J S Q %J J &M-6 


Vo vn 




(tin 


) zn |c^-^zhn| 




^ 


rn /* 


ftef 



^-^ mn ^_p nn \ wn f yn 

93. On the straight strokes the w-hook is written on 
the left-hand side of the vertical and inclined, and on 
the under side of the horizontal strokes, embracing, of 
course, the up-stroke r ; while on the curves it is 



(83) 



84 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

written on the inner or concave side, whether to the left 
or right; as illustrated in the preceding table. 

94. The ?i-hook might be written on all the strokes; 
but on the ng it would seldom, if ever, be of any advan- 
tage. The w-hook to the n answers every purpose that 
an Ti-hook to the w would. 

95. Of the two forms for In, shn, the down-stroke sh 
and the up-stroke I are generally used, the others being 
employed only in connection with other strokes when 
the first mentioned would be unhandily written. 

96. The w-hook is always the last thing, belonging 
to a stroke, to be read ; thus, Nj pain, \v_. fine, (j* thin, 
\j thine, y\ run, f^ line. If no distinct vowel sound 
is heard between the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign 
is written ; as, Vs^ heaven, \J ocean; where a third place 
vowel sound is heard, the sign must be placed on the 
outside of the hook; thus, ^-^ man, (^ than, — -o coon; 
thus the vocalization is the same as in other compound 
strokes. 

97. Strokes having an initial circle or hook, of any 
kind, may also have a final hook or circle; as \ t plan, 
]• strain. 

98. When the n is the last consonant in a word, 
followed by a vowel, it must be written at length ; as 
^Jbs money, / v China. 

Reading Exercise XXV. 




T ^t**** ff^ f »f ff f f yffyfff y yff^ 



THE iY-HOOK. 85 

Writing Exercise XXVI. 

Pan, pin, bam, ton, cten, cjan, jern, kan, gon, f|n, van, den, 
Jjn, ojan, ran, run, Ion, ljn, mjn, mam, non, n^n; — opn, 
rjpn, gqrden,Jakn, ergan, erfan, enljvn, morn, wernirj, feln, 
balam, roman, wiaman. Bran, dran, restran, pqrdn, burdn, 
refran, regan, enjem, abstan. 

THE i^-HOOK FOLLOWED BY S. 

99. When s follows after n, without an intervening 
vowel, the circle may be turned on the hook, as in the 
case of s preceding the Miook; thus, \$ fans, soman's, 
^y* machines , /^^ refrains. With the straight strokes, 
however, it is unnecessary to make both the hook and 
circle, thus j pns, since the circle itself embraces the 
hook, and will not be mistaken for s, which is always 
written on the other side of the stroke. Hence we 
write ^^ pens, J- dunce, q/* chains, ^—^/° mourns, \ 
begins, 

100. The double circle for uses is conveniently used 
on the straight strokes, for such words as J" tenses, q/ 
chances, -<yq consequences; but as a double circle cannot 
well be formed on the hook attached to a curve, a stroke 
n must be used in such words as Vo^Q finances, * ^^p 
evinces. 



Reading Exercise XXVI. 




ti>tt*iA*MiM 



86 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Writing Exercise XXVII. 

Panz, benz, penz, tonz, qanz, ganz, mornz, burnz, Junz, 
erfanz, balans, remariz, Jermanz, pron^ns ; komplanz, eks- 
planz, akerdans, kwestyonz, kristyanz, enjernz, inkijnz. 
Prinsez, dansez, kondensez, glansez, ekspensez, konsskwen- 
sez, pron^nsez, advansez, konfensez. 



101. JV-ROOK WORD-SIGNS. 

\ upon — => can (men 

\ been V=> phonography (man 

J done ( than, then C opinion 

<s general-ly /^ alone ( known 



Reading Exercise XXVII. 

. y w ^ ^ % a. .-^. 



• m .^x "&. v ."n n 



T 



1\ 



, f 



46 



J 



t~ 



i »»f » MH » Myi» > Ttf f»i »»f »fyfT^yyyyTTf » f f » >»»»»»'i » »« 



EXERCISE ON THE iT-HOOK. 87 

«s ^ , • ~ ~ \_, l *■ *^-r >: 

Writing Exercise XXVIII. 

KUR6IJ. — Tr® kuraj haz its orijin in vertyn,. Animal fei- 
lesnes puts on de semblans ov kuraj, and iz ofn takn fer it, bj 
np st ov ten amurj 'men'; but de falasi ov dis 'opinyon' haz 
'bin' Jon bj jeneral' eksperiens, fer prcodens iz ekwali esenjal 
tu it. 

Tu atan tra> kuraj enter 'upon* nutig rajli, egzamin wel 
hwot de iji^ iz ljkli tu be, and form ycor 'opinyon' befor ya> 
begin. H^ 'kan' yd) den fer, if yco bav gon tu wurk 'upon' 
'prinsipl', and hav dun el yoD 'kan' doo? or hwj Jud yco fel a 
konsern fer konsekwensez, nwiq bav 'bin' elredi wad bj ya>? 

In humbl reljans 'upon' de asistans ov Hevn, go opnli and 
wid konfidens tu finij ya>r planz. cEis simpl fat 'alon', de 
reljans ov children 'upon' a divjn Fqder, wil kari ya> safli tnD. 

'Remember' dis 'treat', hyever, 'dqr' iz 'jenerali' 'mor' tra> 
kuraj Jon bj a pasiv rezistans tu de skern and snerz ov 'men', 
'dan' haz 'bin' sen in eni bodili defens hwotever. 

Tra> kuraj iz bj no menz savaj vjolens, ner a fcolhqrdi in- 
sensibiliti tu danjer; ner a hedstrorj rajnes tu run sudenli intu 



88 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

it; ner a bumirj frerczi broken la>s 'from' ds guvemirj p-yer ov 
rezn; but it iz a serm, ferm determimrj — de kuraj ov a 'man' 
but never de fersnes ov a tjger. 



Review. — (92.) What do the final hooks represent? (93.) On which 
side of the straight strokes is the ft-hook written? On which side of the 
curves? (94.) On what strokes is the n.-hook not written? (95.) Which 
forms of the In and shn are generally used? (96.) How are the 72,-hook 
strokes vocalized? (98.) In what case must the stroke n be employed? 
(99.) How is the circle written to the ^-hook on the curves? How on the 
straight strokes? (100.) What is the double circle when written in the 
tt-hook place? ( 101 . ) Designate the straight stroke word-signs; the curved 
strokes. 



* ^ ^^^^^J.^^^^^^*.*.^*.*^*.**.*.*.*.^*.* 



%umn 9. 



/SfflYHOOK — YOWEL CONTRACTIONS —DISSYLLABIC 
DIPHTHONGS. 

102. The shn-hooh is somewliat arbitrary ; that is, it 
is not entirely phonetic, in that it is but one sign used 
to represent three sounds ; but of course the means exist 
in the alphabet for writing out the syllable in full, if 
preferred. 

TABLE OF THE tf^-HOOK, 

\j p-shn I t-shn S ch-shn a k-shn 

\>b-shn l d-shn c j-shn — = g-shn 

\i f-shn U th-shn O S-shn (J sh-shn 

>J v-shn (j th-shn \J z-shn (J zh-shn 

r-shn / t 1-shn 6 

•O m-shn vr? n-shn ^2 ng-shn f h-shn 

103. On the straight strokes, the s/m-hook is made 
on the opposite side from the ?i-hook; and on the curves 
it is made in the position of the w-hook, but double its 
size, as illustrated above. 

104. The most general use of this hook is at the ter- 
mination of words ; as ' X} option, x,/ portion. If a 
vowel follows the stroke on which the hook is written, it 
is read between the stroke and the hook ; as vj) evasion, 

/£ relation, Xs* adoration, I* consideration, 

8 (89) 



^ l *mn^* i't' H 

90 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



105. The s7i?i-hook is often conveniently used in the 

middle of a word; thus, L^'^ dictionary, y\(J^k rev- 
olutionary. 

106. The s-circle may be added by writing it dis- 
tinctly on the inside of these hooks, to the straight 
strokes as well as the curves; thus, k> conditions, ^\$ 
invasions. 

107. Word-signs. — / \ J objection, \^ subjection, — => 
occasion. 

Reading Exercise XXVIII. 

\. r- : ik t n- — 4, Si 

f oT U % -^ JU' <r9 

Writing Exercise XXIX. 

Pojon, stajon, kompajon, ambijon, kondijon, negajon, 
komunikajon, du/ajon, petijon, indikajon, fugon, invagon, 
ihqgon, revolujon, konsolajon, emojon, admijon, najon, 
ami^nijon. Profi^on, reformajon, selekfon, delegajon, depri- 
vajon, sijpervigon, kohegon. 

Petijoner, eksekujoner, okagonal, revolujoaari. Pajonz, 
sedijonz, vigonz, efi^onz, mijonz, nojonz, administrajonz. 



VOWEL CONTRACTIONS. 91 

108. Yowel Contractions. — The vowels being so 
simply and easily formed, but little is to be desired in 
the way of abbreviating the method of writing them; 
but as considerable time is lost by lifting the pen in 
passing from one to another, it is no small advantage to 
write two vowel sounds in one sign, where it can be 
done without ambiguity. Such a contraction is quite 
common in words where the short vowel i immediately 
precedes another of the simple vowels ; as in the words 
various, effluvia, enunciation, ratio : becoming nearly like 
varyus, effluvya, enunciation, rasyo. This coalition of 
vowels so nearly produces the articulations ye, ya, yo, yu, 
that the signs for these improper diphthongs are used in 
such cases \ thus, ^* J^ various, jSy^ association, 
ratio. 

109. Dissyllabic Diphthongs. — The following is 
an additional scale of diphthongs, simply formed, and 
some of which are very useful : — 

: J ei <J ai <\ q,i > j ei >j oi I a>i ; 

as in c ^~ clayey, <^ snowy, \>, owing, £_ stoic, (*> 
louis. 



110. The close diphthong heard in the word aye, 

\ 



though differing but little from v j i, is written thus, 



Reading Exercise XXIX. 



U^^ 



> »MfM > Mm f >M > MMMf » M I MIM pf > 



^ I 1 1 I I > i I I I i I t m i i I i i i > < I t I i r - 

, , 

92 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 




s r ^ x 

Writing Exercise XXX. 

Envius, eroneus, glorius, serius, konveniens, eksperiens, 
variajon, enunjiajon, konsiliajon, abreviajon, paliajon, alevi- 
ajon, homeopato. 

Klai, flei, biloi, stoikal, gli^i. 

Ambijon iz de 'okagon' ov sedijon, konfu3on, and desola- 
Jon, and arszez 'everi' evil emojon and pajon. 

An as, pikirj up a ljonz skin hwig had 'bin' tron awa, put 
it on; and runin intia de wudz and pasty i^rz, began tu bra, in 
imitajon ov de ljonz ror, hwic, troo de f loks intu teribl kon- 
filgon. At lent de oner kam alorj and wild hav bin struk wid 
konsternajon els©, but 'upon' hiz lisnirj mor klosli, he scon so 
de ili^on in de vers, and so, morover, de asez erz stikirj "srt. 

r TTV^ q 



W" » ff t ff f ff» Tff » » Tftf>nffftyyyf< 



SBJST HOOK EXERCISE AND REVIEW. 93 

Wid no hezitajon he ran up tu de as, and wid hiz kujel bet 
him severli, sain: 

"Ycd fa>l, ya) hav 'bin' de 'okagon' ov skarig de floks, but j*l 
hav ya) tu no eldo ya> luk ljk a ljon, yet ya> bra ljk an as!" 

APLIK&SON. — Afektajbn iz Jut tu ekspoz a man tu de- 
rig on in proporjon tu hiz asumjon. 



Review. — (103.) On which side of the straight strokes is the skn-hook 
made? How is it made to the curves? (104.) How is the shn-hook read? 
(105.) How may it be used except at the termination of words? (106.) 
How is the ^-circle added? (107.) What are the word-signs? (103.) Ex- 
plain the vowel contractions. (109.) The dissyllabic diphthongs. How 
is aye written? 



l "»»f»ff>ff > f f» »fl » f< l| >tH y »fMMMM»»»»H»fM>M»t 



Ml II 



%tBB$n 10* 



HALF-LENGTH STROKES. 

In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the 
sounds t and d, it is found very convenient, and 
sometimes necessary, to give them another and more 
contracted representation. 

110. But every philosophical means has already been 
resorted to for the purpose of giving to Phonography 
the ultimatum of brevity ; and if the following scheme 
has only the semblance of philosophy in it, it will be as 
much as can be expected. In chemistry, it is well 
known, the more a substance — a poison, or steam, for 
instance — is concentrated, the greater is its power : so, 
in order to get a repetition of the consonants t and d 
without writing them at length, the single strokes | and 

[ , by being compressed into half their length, are made 
to represent the addition of a t and d. Resort is had to 
the same means for the addition of t and d to all the 
other consonants, except the strokes y, w r h, ng, which 
are not made half-length. 

111. To illustrate this principle, suppose the word 
faded is to be written : there are three consonants in it, 
all downward strokes, which would carry the last d the 
length of two strokes below the line ; but by making the 
first d half its usual length, another d is supposed to be 
added, and the word is thus neatly written: v* faded. 



^MMI/IJMftfM>HHMM»^VVtMMM » MMM»MMffMMI<H i 



(94) 



HALF LENGTH STROKES 95 

The principle is further illustrated by the following 
words: Q_ talk, [_ talked; /> wrap, s* wrapped; /. V 
live, £■ lived. 

112. A vowel before a half-length consonant is read 
before both letters ; as \ apt, / east, ^ art, __^ act; but 
when placed after, it is read immediately after the pri- 
mary letter, and the added t ov d follows it; thus, ~ 
caught, ^ read, \ spite, [^ contempt, { little. 

113. As a general thing the light strokes, when 
halved, are followed by the light sound t; as, ( thought, 

'~\ gift, ^ fought; and the heavy ones by the heavy 
sound d; thus, n ) used, ^\^ moved. Frequently, 
however, the heavy sound d is read from a half-length 
light consonant, and vice versa, the light sound t is read 
from a half-length heavy consonant; as, > — v ' melted, 
>. peopled, ( \. alphabet. 

114. Since, however, the heavy strokes occupying 

the places of r, I, m, and n, are not made half-length, 

these four letters, when followed by a d, are, for the 

sake of distinction, made heavy; as, / cheered, K f~ old, 
vr . i" 

^Vv formed; and light when a t follows; as, ~^ art, y 

delight, ~\^ remit. The I is struck upward when t is to 
be added, and when d, downward, since in this direction 
it is more easy to make a heavy stroke. 

115. Strokes beginning or ending with the s-circle, 
or either of the hooks, or both hook and circle, are also 
made half-length, when necessary; thus, N speed, \ 
swift, T treat, X complete,^ freight, ]• straight, 'f settled ; 
>e beads, ^ mates, \ band, \a patient, ^. plant, c-> grand; 
the order of reading being the same as in the full length 
strokes. 



jMMHMHMMMMM I MMMMMMI II M>MI > f f f »»» » »» 



96 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

116. It must be observed that when the circle s is 
written to a half-length consonant it must be read after 
the added t or d; because the s is added to the consonant 
after it has been halved, and because it cannot be added 
to the circle; thus, \ pat, \>- pats, (not past,) '\. fat, \$ 
fats, (not fast.) 

117. Half-length consonants, unconnected with other 
strokes, should be employed only for words containing 
but one vowel; as £■ void, V night; and the two full 
length letters should be used in words containing two 
or more vowels; as V» avoid, ^\ unit. 

118. The past tense of verbs ending like \> part, are 
more conveniently written thus, \/1' parted, than ^ 

119. There are a few words in which t and d occur 
three times in succession, which make it necessary to sep- 
arate the half-length from the long stroke ; as, J ^ attitude. 

120. Since the half-lengths occupy only a portion of 
the usual space, they follow the rules given to the hori- 
zontals, of accented vowel positions, above or on the line 
according as the consonant has a first, second, or third 
place vowel; thus, i street, °\ spread, ^ find, \^a found. 

Reading Exercise XXX. 

■* <* %■ J * £• ^ V- — i=-o> ^T 



i»» » »tf f f f » i >M»i y^^yr^y^T^yywwpryf^ 1 ^^ 



»--*- ^ -«- "--«--«- ^-* 'm *-*-■*■» ' 



LAA ^^ AAAA ^ A ^ A - AA ^ AJt ^ A ^ AA ^^^^^^^^ AAAAA ^" 



HALF LENGTH STROKES. 



97 



Reading Exercise XXXI. 

Pet, fat, Jet, lat, mat, not, spot, skot, savd, selt, smjt, 
sent; — pent, bend, kontend, erdand, enjernd, kjnd, refjnd } 
lentend, land, mjnd; — pants, bandz, pretendz, kontents, dis- 
kynts; — frend, advent, hqrdli, servd, konsumd, lioldz, — 
[Stroke h: heted, habit, hurld,] — perild, uprjt, gqrded, deljted, 
upward, persevd, qjld, lektyu/d. 

121. Under certain circumstances t and d should not 
be represented by half-length strokes: First, When a 
vowel follows t or d at the end of a word; thus, having 
-— r guilt, we cannot make guilty by placing y after the 
half-length I, for it would then read guilit; hence the 
stroke t must be written in order to give a place after it 

for the vowel; thus, C\ guilty. Second, In many 

words of one syllable, where if the vowels were omitted, 
or indistinct, they would be mistaken for the vowel 
word-signs; thus, \ bad, instead of V; \ 'put, in- 
stead of v Third, When the half-stroke would not 
make a distinct angle with the preceding or following 
stroke, as ^| amend, instead of ^^ . 



122. HALF-LENGTH WORD- SIGNS. 



-{ 
\{ 
<{ 
{ 



</ 



quite 

could 

particular-ly 

opportunity 

that 

without 

gentlemen 
gentleman 

great 
called* 



m f God 
" ( good 

f cannot 
° | account 
{ went 
^ ( wont 

( not 
^ ) nature 

^ might* 
) establish-? d ent 



aecording-ly* J? short* 



V 

p 

1 

( 



immediate- 
made 
' Lord 
word 
told 
toward 

thought* 
after 

spirit* 
under 
world 



P 'P » f W W ¥ 

9 



»»fffPfypy y yy»yyyty » ¥y'pyyyfyyyfyy'»'>fyf » tf » fff»yyy¥ k 



98 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Reading Exercise XXXI. 

"._■<," C * s , s. ) C . 
l^, x "^ ^ n A 'o I • I, 



W9wmWW , W 9 9 WW »»»»»P P »»P Hf WW W I 



HALF LENGTH STROKES. 99 



Writing Exercise XXXII. 

L9RENS L£TZI, OR LERNI13" FONOGRAFI. 

Tia lern, er 'not' tu lern, 'dat' iz de kwestyon: 

Hweder *tiz nobler in de mjnd tia suf er 

cLe kompleks kwiblz ov ambigyipis Lor/hand; 

Or tu opoz wid pen and vers a ftezand erorz, 

And, bj opoz in, end dem? — Tu lern, — tu rjt, — 

And, bj Fonografi tu sa W8 end 

<Ie felsitiz, de t^zand tedyus ilz 

Lonhand produ^sez— -'tiz a kousumajon 

Devstli tu be wijt. Tu rjt; — tu lern; — 

Tu lern! but den tu wurkj— qi, dqrz de rub; 

Fer, tu akwjr dis qrt, bwot terl ma kum 

Ar I kan Jufl of mi habits old, 

Eud giv me pez; darz de respekt 

'SEat' maks Ortiografi ov so Ion ljf ; 

Fer ha) wud baj de ini^merabl ilz ov Lorjband, 

Its bqrbarus lent, its ambigi^iti, 

Its cjjld-tormentin difikultiz, and 

Its wont ov ra>l, tugeder wid de tecl 

Hwie, pajent skrjbz ov suq a sistem hav, 

Hwen he himself 'mjt' hiz relesment mak 

Wid a Duzn Lesonz? Ha> yet wud yij,z 

cEis bqrbarus relik ov ^r bj-gon daz, 

But 'dat' de dred ov sumDin tu be lernt, — 

('cCat' wek unmanli ez, from h<Dz embras 

No lazi man kan get,) — puzlz de wil, 

And maks him rader baj e*n felsitiz, 

cCan lern de trout he yet noz nutirj ov. 

cEus indolens too oft retqrdz de mjnd; 

And dus de progres ov a yujsful qrt 

Iz cjekt, but not prevented; fer de tjm 

Wil kum hwen dis sam bref Fonografi 

Sal trjumf ot its f jnal oponent. 

Review. — (110.) What is the second mode for representing t and d ? 
Explain the philosophy of halving a consonant. (113.) What is the gen- 
eral rule for knowing whether a t or a d is added? ( 114. ) What strokes 
are not written half-length? What half-length light strokes are made 
heavy for the addition of d ? In what direction are the half-lengths I 
and r struck, for the addition of d f for the addition of t? (116.) When 
the circle s is written at the end of a half-length sign, is it read before or 
after the added t or d ? (119.) How are words written in which t and d 
occur three times in succession? (121.) What is the first case in which a 
stroke should not be halved for a following t or d ? The second? the third? 



I ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^■^^^^^^^^^^^■•■^' 



1*00011 11 



SPECIAL CONSONANT CONTRACTIONS. 

The s-circle, initial and final hooks, and half-length 
stems, are contracted modes of writing that admit of 
general application, and of perfect vocalization. But 
as Phonography studies the greatest degree of abbrevia- 
tion, consistent with legibility, a few combinations of 
consonants, and some syllables of frequent occurrence, 
are provided with special forms of contraction, some of 
which only are capable of vocalization. 

Of these there are the frequent st, in the past parti- 
ciple of verbs ending in s, in the superlative of adjec- 
tives, and in many other words, as pressed, wisest, stiff ; 
the str in the comparative of adjectives, &c, as faster, 
sister ; the initial in, of instruction, inspiration, &c, and 
the final s-shn of some nouns, as position; many of which 
it would often be inconvenient to write with the means 
thus far afforded. 

There are also prefixes, derived from the Latin, of 
frequent occurrence, but of inconvenient length, as 
accom-plisli, inconsiderate, recom-pense, enter-prise, circum- 
vent. The method of writing these contractions consti- 
tutes the last lesson proper of the system, and is one 
that should receive special attention, in order that the 
somewhat arbitrary mode of writing shall not be for- 
gotten. 

"(loo) 



H * 1 1 * * > A > * t <H M i t I > * M t 1 1 1 O i t M i « M 1 1 * * * * t t M t ^ 

ST AND STR LOOPS. 101 

THE LOOPS ST AND STB. 

123. The plan of writing st in some snorter way than 
by the circle s and stroke t, was devised chiefly for the 
purpose of still farther obviating the difficulty of words 
running too far below the line. By simply lengthening 
the s-eircle to one-third the length of the stroke on 
which it occurs, the sound of t is added; thus, >o base, 
\^ based, ^£ A rejoice, <"# rejoiced; \> vast, %^ priest. 
In other words, a loop written one-third the length of the 
consonant to which it is attached, represents the com- 
bined sounds of s and t, with no vowel between them ; 
and by license it may also represent zd. 

124. The s or z may be added for plurals, &c, by 
striking the loop through the long sign and forming the 
circle on the opposite side; as, ^ beasts, ^g nests. 

125. This loop may also be written initially; as in 
the words '\ stop, «f state, \^ staff, v @ style. And it 
may be used between two strokes, only when written to t, 
d, ch, j ; as (S^_ testify ', (y-'c J distinguish, ^^ justify. 

126. When this loop is written in the position of the 
r-hook, like the s-circle it takes the additional power of 
r; thus, a stooper, <= ^ sticker; and when turned in 
the w-hook position, it assumes the power of that hook; 
as I' condensed, — ^> against. 

227. Half-length strokes also admit of the s^-loop, to 
a limited extent ; as ' midst, *$■ student. 

128, When a word begins with a vowel, followed by 
st or zd, the half-length stroke, and not the loop, must 
be used; as, "l^ history, £~-^s wisdom, /-^ system. 

129. By extending the loop to two-thirds the length 
of the stroke, r is added ; as in the words ^ Webster, 
q sister, ^^t master. This loop should not be used 



102 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

initially. It may be turned on the 7i-hook side of the 
stroke to express nstr ; as \{ punster \ and the circle s 
may be used as with the s£-loop ; thus, ^ festers, ^> m 
masters. 

130. Word-sign. — The s£-loop is used as a word-sign 
for first, written on the line and inclined to the right, 
thus, . 

Beading Exercise XXXIT. 

r-'<*\j,^ /• **\ \ r 1 -L 

(K\^ <^ Jy- $-° * 

T^ ^ *.X V \-<i>4' G- 
C 7^ A? /f *f ^ \ \ * 

Writing Exercise XXXIII. 

Past, bost, dust, tast, qest, kost, gust, fest, safest, rost, 
arest, arezd, rust, lest, last, mist, most, amq,zd, finest, de- 
n^nst; — sta>p, stedfast, stagnant, stif, stov, ster, stil, stem; 
— stoper, stajer, stager; — distirjktli, justifikafon; — bests, hosts, 
kasts, rezists, infests, masts; — stilt, sterd, stord, stamt; — 
kondenst, agenst. Boster, bluster, faster, blister, sister, im- 
poster; — punster, spinsters. Stated, advanst, suprest, pretekst, 
product. 



EXERCISES ON THE ST LOOP. 103 

Reading Exercise XXXIII. 

m • * v - n >3>'V». 



Writing Exercise XXXIV. 

aS TEMPEST.— On de 'ferst' da *t de master ov *r fast 
salii) vesel, in ds midst ov a kqm, profest tu se in de distant 
west a teribl sterm aprogirj. At 'ferst' we hist, but sam ds 
fomirj krests danst upon ds wavz; de blakest kl^dz lcomd up; 
de fersest ljtnirj perst de gloom; de Jqrpest and heviest flunder 
mad stetest hqrts trembl. 3Ce sterner, mentjm, forst her wa, 
brestirj de biloz bravli. Stedili stsrirj for de distant port, we 
suprest -sr ferz and safli recjt de land. 



* 



104 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

PECULIAR MODE OF WRITING N AND SHF. 

131. When the sounds spr, str, and shr follow n in 
such words as inspiration, instruct, inscribe, it is impossi- 
ble, with the former mode of writing n, to write the circle 
sr to the strokes p, t, 7c, without making it on the back 
of the n, thus | , which is difficult to do, and un- 
seemly when done. To obviate this difficulty the stroke 
v — ' is permitted, in these cases, to be struck backward 
or vertically, as the nature of the case may require ; but, 
as there is never occasion for any vowel but the first 
place i, the stroke for the n need not be written full 
length ; indeed, it may be regarded as the 7i-hook used 
initially ; thus, T» 3 instruction, *v insuperable, • \, 
inscription. y 

132. In a considerable class of words the syllable 
tion follows after the sound of s or z, as position, decision, 
&c, which would require that the strokes for these 
sounds, with the shn-hooh appended, be employed ; but 
such would be inconvenient forms, and hence it is 
allowable to use the circle and turn a hook for tion on 
the opposite side of the stroke; thus, 4 decision, /^ 
supposition ; the same license is allowed for the loops st 
and str ; thus, ^p/ molestation, A s illustration. This 
hook is used in some such words as \ ( persuasion; and 
it may also be used when followed by the termination 
al; as, \d positional, 

133. If it be required to write the syllable tion after 
ns, the circle for the latter combination may be em- 
ployed, and the hook turned on the opposite side ; thus, 

^ compensation. The plural may be formed, in all 
these cases, by adding the circle to the s7m-hook ; thus; 
x^ superstitions, <fc condensations. 



i««it«i Mtnttmmoiiiitimin ^ 

EXERCISE ON THE INITIAL i\ 7 , &C. 105 



Beading Exercise XXXIV. 



V\ u N ( ^ y vi,-"^ 

Writing Exercise XXXV. 

Insijperabl, instrukt, instrument, instrument aliti, inskrjbd, 
inskrcDtabl; — pozijon, desigon, kezajon, sivilizajon, mq,zijan; 
— manifestajon, inkrustajon, kondensajon, dispensajon; — sup- 
©zijonz, akijzajonz, ilustrajonz, sensajonz. 

Studi kondensajon in yo>r stjl ov kompozijon, for do it ma 
kost yd) sum trubl at ferst, yet it wil asist yco tia master per- 
spikijiti and presigon, on de akwizijon ov hwig, qast and p^er- 
fial rjtirj iz bast. Promted bj a dezjr for de akwizijon ov welt, 
man stemz de stormz ov de ©Jan, landz on everi kost, in spjt 
ov de gratest danjerz arjzirj from kljmat or de hand ov unsivil- 
jzd man. Relijon foloz in de wak ov komers, kontendirj agenst 
its evilz; and dus, hwjl savaj najonz qr blest wid de ljt ov siv- 
ilizajon, da qr put in pozejon ov de wurd ov inspirajon, and 
tet de egust trcodz ov de gospel dispensajon. 



> f?ff f ft»ff f T f » y < 



106 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Review.— (123.) How are st and zd written? (124.) How may the 
circle be added? (125.) In what situations may the loop be written? 
(126.) When written in the place of the r-hook, what power does it give 
the stroke? What, when written in the ra-hook place? (127.) How 
should the words midst and student be written? (128.) In what case is 
the loop not to be used? ( 129. ) How is str written? What effect does 
it have on this loop to place it on the n-hook side? If the sound of s fol- 
low, how is it written? (130.) What is the word-sign in this lesson? 
(131.) When is it necessary to use the peculiar mode of writing n? How 
is it written? (132.) Under what circumstance is the peculiar shn em- 
ployed? How is it written? (133.) Suppose it be required to write shn 
after ns, how is it done? If s fallow the shn, how may it be written? 



HMUMIMI 



i*mK 



>iliMI««ilii>ii*t*ii*lit>ltM*itl liHti^4 



%tsmn 12. 



PREFIXES AND OTHER CONTRACTIONS. 

134. Prefixes. — The following are some additional 
prefixes and affixes that are found convenient and sug- 
gestive with the advanced phonographer. They should 
be written near the word, but not joined. 

Accom is expressed by a heavy dot, placed before the 
initial end of the following consonant; thus, \^_> 
accompany j \o accomplice, 

Oircum, by a small circle placed in the first vowel posi- 
tion of the next consonant; as, £ circumstance, 
v \ circumscribe. 

Decom, by I as, IV decomposition. 

Discom, discon, by I as, \>oA disconcerted. 

Incom. incon, by < — ' written above the other part of 
the word ; as, V incomplete, *°L>> inconsistent. 

Inter, intro, by ^ in any position near the following 
letter; as, w \o interview, \l=> introduction. By 
some kind of license the frequent word interest is 
allowed to be written thus : | , the prefix inter 
being united with the stroke st. 

Irrecon, by i as, ^°> irreconcilable. 
(107) 



108 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

Magna, magni, by '"""^ written above the after part of 
the word ; as, ">^ — 5 magnanimous, ^_ magnify, 

Recog, by / as, /V^ recognize. 

Recom, recon, by / as, /£* recommend, s£o\ recon- 
cilable. 

Self, by a circle at the middle place of the next conso- 
nant; as, Jy selfish. 

Vhcom, uncon, by s ^ written on the line ; as, w^ un- 
common, *Xj unconditional. 

It is allowable to represent a prefix which is similar 
in sound to one of the foregoing, by one of the signs 
there furnished ; thus, >* may represent enter, as well 
as inter; and v- ** may represent encum, incum, as well 
as incom, incon. 

135. Affixes. — The following affixes are written 
near the preceding part of the word: — 

Bility, by \ as, V \^ durability, ^^ probability. 

Ly> by ( written after the word ; thus, V* f~ patiently, 
iff constantly. But where it can be written on 
without lifting the pen, it is better to do so ; thus, 
»X> abundantly. 

Ment, by *& as, tj- atonement, J*^> contentment But 
it may often be written without disconnecting it 
from the body of the word. 

Self, by a circle, as, v myself. Selves, by making the 
circle double size; as, (o themselves, fo yourselves. 

Ship, by ^J as, 2J lordship. 

136. A word-sign may be used as a prefix or an 
affix; as, ^ advantageous, iC hereafter. 



>>MMVM>ffMMV t f f < 



L ^^--^'---^^^^^^' i 



yyy>MdyNMUMAM4d 



EXERCISE ON PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 109 

Beading Exercise XXXV. 

"^T X. ^ /% S\ °^ ^H.. 
^ ss2* i /T\ -Us, H* ^ 

V ( t ^ ^ X * • ^ cf-, / ( J- \ 



£ 






' > »f T y y y^ 



'ffffTI Tfff TT I t y fff f f f TfyyT TT^^^wy 



110 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



Writing Exercise XXXVI. 

AkompKfment, akomodajon, serkumfleks, serkumnavigat, 
dekompoz, diskontinyn,d, inkompatibl, inkonsolabl, inter- 
upjon, introdi^s, magnifisent, rekogmfon, rekonsiliajon, self- 
ajijrans, unkompromjzirj, posibiliti, konsekwentli, himself, 
hersmanjip, dqrfor, displegt^r. 



Lern tu akomodafc yoorself tu serkumstansez. Serkumstan- 
Jal evidens Jud be kejusli entertand agenst hitman ljf. Be 
serkumspekt in el ycor waz. It is unkonfermabl tu troat tia 
sa dat kompajon, frendjip, &s., qr at de botom onli selfijnes 
in disgjz; bekez it iz we ^rselvz hoD fel plegu/ er pan in ds 
gud er evil ov uderz; fer ds menirj ov self-luv iz, not dat it iz 
l dat luvz, but dat j luv mjself. 

If de ert be serkumskrjbd at de ekwator, we obtan its 
gratest serkumferens, hwioj iz ab^t 24,780 mjlz; a magnittyd 
hwicj we kan not term inkonsevabl, oldo we ma not entertan a 
veri distirjkt jdea ov it, muej mor wud de savaj be unkonfus ov 
the fakt and unkonvinst, in spjt ov ya>r endevorz tu pra>v it. 
For unles tanjibl proof akumpani de aserfon, yco kan not akom- 
plij yoor am, and sue, proof iz unkontrovertibli imposibl. We 
rekomend tu el, never tu undertak givirj a serkumstanjal 
eksplanajon tu doz hco qr inkompetent tu understand it. 

137, Nominal Consonant. — It is sometimes neces- 
sary to express one or more vowels or diphthongs with- 
out a consonant. In this case *\ k \> , may be em- 
ployed as outlines having no specific values, to which 
the vowels may be placed ; thus, y E., for Edward or 
Edmund; ^ A., for Alfred; \ Eah, an Irish family 
surname, &c. The dash-vowels may be struck through 
the nominal consonant, as 0., for Oliver, -j- U. 

Proper names should be written in full when they are 
known. 



VARIOUS CONTRACTIONS. Ill 

138. Stroke H. — The stroke h is generally used 
when it is initial and is followed by s; thus, < ^>^ 
hasten; also when r and a vowel, or r and some other 
consonant follow; thus <r -^ r ^^ hurry, c — -^f horizontal, 
^ — ~~\ hurt; also, in words that contain no other conso- 
nant than hi, and end in a vowel ; thus, cr — ^ holy. 

139. Vocalizing the large Circle. — The large 
circle ss is understood to represent a syllable containing 
the vowels i or e, thus, sis or ses. It may be vocalized 
to express any vowel or diphthong ; as, T^> persuasive. 

140. When p occurs between m and t, and k be- 
tween ng and sh, (the p and k being organically inserted 
in speech, in passing to the next consonant,) these let- 
ters may be omitted; thus, (^ limp, L^ limped, &**< 
stamp, ^rs, stamped, q/^ anxious, \f> distinction. 

In cases where t comes between s and another conso- 
nant, the t may generally be omitted without detriment 
to legibility ; thus, /j^$T" mostly, J>' restless, ^<£ post- 
pone, s^r— mistake. 

141. Of the. — The connective phrase "of the," 
which merely points out that the following noun is in 
the possessive case, is intimated by writing the words 
between which it occurs near to each other, thus showing 
by their proximity that the one is of the other ; thus, 
f\*J>P love of the beautiful, \^~ subject of the work. 

Review. — (134.) How is the prefix accom written? Circum? Decom? 
Discom, discon? Incom, inconf Inter, intro; interest? Irrecon? Magna, 
magni? Becog; recom, recon? Self? Uneom, tmcon? How may enter be 
Written? Micum ineumf (135.) How is the affix Mlity written? lyt 
mentf self? sldpf (136.) "What is said about word-signs in this con- 
nection? (137.) Explain the nominal consonant. (138.) Under what 
circumstances is the stroke h generally used? (139.) How may the double 
circle be vocalized? (140.) When may p be omitted? k, and tl (141.) 
What is said of the phrase of the. 



XtBszn 13. 



UNYOCALIZED WRITING — PHRASEOGRAPHY, &C. 

142. As in some of the preceding exercises the 
manner of writing certain words has been introduced 
that would not admit of full vocalization, the learner 
may commence omitting some of the least prominent 
vowels in his common words. As a general thing these 
omissions should be the unaccented vowels. But in 
reporting, no vowels are inserted, except an occasional 
one that is necessary to distinguish one word from an- 
other, where both have the same consonant outline. It 
requires a good degree of familiarity with the system to 
be able to read this style of writing readily. After re- 
ports are taken, however, it is customary to go over the 
manuscript and insert the prominent vowels, so that any 
one may afterward read it with ease. 

143. Positive and negative words containing the 
same consonants, should be distinguished thus : — When 
the word commences with r, (except this letter is fol- 
lowed by m,) write the upward r for the positive word, 
and the downward one for the negative ; thus, /\ re- 
sponsible, ^ irresponsible; /*> resolute, (f~ irresolute. 
The common words /-\X mortal, /*>s immortal, 
<~yf material, /yf immaterial, may be distinguished 
by writing the positive on the line, and the negative 
above it. In all other cases, insert the initial vowel in 
the negative word ; thus, ' ^ illegible, &c. The vowel 
should be written first, that it may not be omitted. 



(112) 



>»» »»»»» y « 



WORDS HAVING THE SAME CONSONANTS. 113 



LIST OF WORDS CONTAINING THE SAME CONSONANTS. 

Distinguished by a difference of outline* 

\y \i pattern, patron 

\ N patient, passionate 

\/\o CS \ P ur pose, perhaps 

^ \A proceed, pursued 

V/1 ^\ property, propriety 

%v »£^~- *\. 9 preparation, appropriation proportion 

*\- ^s^y) proportioned, proportionate. 

c \— 2> protection, production 

] VI pertain, appertain 
CN ^ J _ \y^" prosecute, persecute 
^ ^ ^ \y' prosecution, persecution 
^^ \/0 oppressor, pursuer 
v ^| beautify, beatify 

VI ? birth, breath 

J/| h *>. Tartar, traitor, trader 
J Y train, turn 



10 



114 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

>l^ L^c attainable, tenable 

i|— h daughter, debter, and deter 

-^_-J^_- L auditor, auditory, editor 

i K diseased, deceased 

JT L desolate, dissolute 

$~^ \> desolation, dissolution 

1_p y*~^ idleness, dullness 

[^ U-^-p demonstrate, administrate 

£ t/ agent, gentleman 
£ A gentle, genteel 
l cost, caused 

-rrr=L — — .(££„. collision, coalition, collusion 

c " B "\y~ c — \yf 

v ^^V corporal, corporeal 

o credence, accordance 

^ V greatly, gradually 

^<\ ^N favored, favorite 

^€_ V) fiscal, physical 



WORDS HAYING THE SAME CONSONANTS. 115 



V~-s >^_^ fi rm ) frame, — form, farm 
\, °\ support, separate 

f steady, study, — stead 
| (J situation, station 
1 J sure, assure 
/A /^N labored, elaborate 
/ ^- y9 /^"^ learned, v., adj. 
/ J N. ^n /^ writer, reader, orator, rhetor 

/ / j ruined, renewed 
**-n* / w impatient, impassioned 
^^X^J? "~"\} innovation, invasion 
N " / X^ ^^ indefinite, undefined 
^^V. ^'A^ unavoidable, inevitable 

This list might be greatly extended, but space will 
not permit it here ; from the examples given, the stu- 
dent will learn what form to give each word, where 
different outlines are required for words that might be 
misread if written alike. Quite an extensive list of 
words, two or more of them having the same outline, 
necessarily, are distinguished by position ; of which take 
the following: piety, 1 pity, 2 opposition, 1 position, 3 - 
possession ; 3 prescription, 1 proscription 3 , &c. 



1 116 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 


ALL THE WORD-SIGNS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 


Those marked with a * are written above the line. 


. A 


J dear 


—'in* 


cr " according* 


c difficulty 


o i s * 


— = account 


do 


| it 


r advantage 


J done 


kingdom* 


V. after 


) establish- ed . 

merit 


< — s language 


— -, again 


^ every 


A Lord* 


* all* 


first 


\ member 


( alone 


^_ for 


*~* might* 


• already* 


^ from 


^r^more 


. an, and 


^full 


<T^ Mr * 


1 are 


</ general-ly 


'~~ > my, me* 


o as 


</ gentleman 


^ nature 


\be 


</ gentlemen* 


^_^ no 


\ been 


— give-n* 


^_^ nor* 


* beyond* 


- God* 


<^ not* 


i but 


— , good 


\ object 


c — call* 


c— great 


\> objection 


=■— called* 


V have 


N of* 


— => can 


^-^ him 


1 on 


— ^ cannot* 


a bow 


7 on* 


c — care 


V J^ 


<^_^ one 


s> child* 


^ immediate-ly* 


v — ^ opinion* 


come 


' s importan 1 * 
-l ce 


\. opportunity 


— could 


„ — v improve-ment 


1 or* 



ALL THE WORD-SIGNS. 117 


* ought* 


) their, there 


c were 


*\ particular* 


* — * thing* 


5 what* 


^o Phonography 


( think 
\o this 


c:: —- 'when* 


_y pleasure 


</* where 


\ princip^" 1 ? 


( thought* 


/ which 


— quite* 


J three 


l while 


£ N remark* 


\ to 


s who 


\ remember 


together 


l why* 


J shall-t 


P told 


r will 


-? short* 


l toward 


c with* 


/ should 
) so 


] truth 


( without 


\ two 


c^ wont 


°\ spirit* 


^ under 


"^ word 


\ subject 


\ up 


c/ world 


\5 subjection 


\ upon 


^ would 


~s sure 


^s usual 


v ye* 


f tell, till 


) was 


u yet 


( that* 


1 way 


n you 


' the* 


c we* 


f your 


( them 


f well 


o yours 


^ then 


c^ went* 




On the following page is a different class of word- 


signs, their signification being indicated by the position 


in which the sign is written to the line. Three positions 


are recognized : on the line, above the line, and through 


or below the line. In the table the line of writing is 


suggested by a dotted line, which will guide the learner 


as to where the word should be written. 





118 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 


-f- 


Allow 


■^V however 


\_ perfect 




^ another 


.S, * 


"~K" practicable 


v — ' 


. an y 


-{- itself 


— 2- read 


i 
.... 


at 


"~" 3 kind 


.1.. see 


■ : V 


away 


-;/-- large 


.-/!-- than 


\ 


by 


s — s may 


. .Z„ thank 


1 


difference 


me, my 


( thee 


1 


Doctor 


mmd 


4 these 


f- 


down 


-y/~. much 


- --£-- those 




^ — ^ neither 


-4- 


during 


fSs—. number 


-(--- though 


T 


each 


_.rv_. other 


y- through 


either 


ought 


1 time 


V 


ever 


_-^Y.. our 

..^ ours 
a 


--)— us 


\ 


few 


~ ^— use (verb) 


-f- 


had 


"§zz m value 




:^~ ourselves 




"H- 


happy 


|~- out 


A^- view 


~\ 


hear, here 


own 


~C mmm will (noun) 











********** ***t 



CONTRACTED WORDS. 



119 



CONTRACTED WORDS. 
In addition to the word-signs that have been given, 
represented by the alphabetic signs, simple and com- 
pound, a list of contracted words is given below. These 
are abbreviated by giving the more prominent conso- 
nants that would be employed in writing the word in 
full. Words having a * affixed are written above the 
line. 



/ acknowledge 

7 acknowledged 

because* 
t doctrine 

especial-ly 

^ expensive 

%/ extraordinary 
extravagant 
Vj/ forward 

v ' highly* 

^~Xi himself 
— \ imperfect 
— ...\j imperfection 

^ importance* 
<r^\.. impracticable 

^-f inconsistent 



^ indispensable 

^^ individual* 

^-£ influence* 

-—</ influential* 

[j instruction 

I interest 

"X.. irregular 
Ss / knowledge 
manuscript 
myself* 
natural 



Y 



never 



V -U' nevertheless 



new 



v^? next 

f 
H^ notwithstanding 



^now 



i* m **vvvwv + v *vw*v* wv + * 



120 



MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 



\ peculiarity 

^^V- Phonetic Society 
V^ Phonographer 
\s — Phonographic 
\ Probabjf^ 



publ 



•sh-ed 



cation 



regular 
represent 
represented 
representation 
'\ republic 

A^ respect 
/^ responsible 
— j- satisfaction 



V. several 
^^ something 

Spelling Reform 
\> surprise 
6—\ transcript 

J—o transgress 
*tP understand 
^f understood 

universal 

whenever 



c ~\^ whensoever 
(/\^ wherever 
(/\^ wheresoever 



In the complete reporting style, the list of contracted 
words is considerably extended ; but, like the above, 
they are all very suggestive to the reflective student, 
and when met with in correspondence or elsewhere, 
there will seldom be any difficulty in determining what 
they are. The Reporter's Manual, advertised at the 
close of this book, contains complete lists of word- 
signs, contracted words, phraseography, &c, the study 
of which will be essential to verbatim reporting, but 
unnecessary for ordinary purposes of writing. 



f >M»v»y»tft^vfHy»ff< i ^y»v»fffH>fftfvy^vt»v f ffyy»f > ty^ ^^^y< 



b!ti*t*tiiAt<m^*< 



PHRASEOGRAPHY. 



PHRASEOGRAPHY. 



121 



144. Phraseography consists in writing two or more 
word-signs together, without lifting the pen ; and in the 
reporting style, it is extended to the writing of word- 
signs with words written in full, but not vocalized. The 
first sign in a phrase should be written in its natural 
position, while those that follow take any position that 
most facilitates the writing. 



; 



"^ 



all which 
any thing 
are not 



S 

s 



\ 



as far 

as far as 
as good as 

as great as 

as it has been 
QJ? as soon as 

Qo as soon as possible 

o as well as 

chv^vat the same time 



be able to 
could be 
could not be 



\ 

A 

"A 

J do not 

Vp for instance 

S^ he has been 

V if there is 

v-v have been 
1 am 

° lam not 

1 Ido 

tf I do not 



11 



F~* 



122 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. ; 


f~ I do not think 


> 
> 

*C I will not 


J I did not 


s-f- may as well 


\^ I have 


yx may be ; 


"V. I have been 


S~&L BlUSt ^ e 


\^ I have done 


ss must have \ 


A& I have not 

- 


s~z>*J must not : 


^- if it 


v, no doubt ; 


S if it had not 


sr— ° of course ; 


^c if it were 


^ on account of 


/ in such 


L ought to be 


*-* is not 


^ should be 


; b ituis 


y\ should have 


Ij^ it is not 


f^ should not 


b it would 


c^ so as to 


k it would be 


cr—> such as can 


| ^ I will 


V that is 

■ 



PHRASEOGRAPHY. 



123 



X there are 

1 there are not 
\^ there would not 



there would not haye 
been 



s 

\ think that 

K> this is 
\ to be 

^ to do 

\ to have 

ax you should be 

tf" you will 

w^\ you will be able to 

r/° you will not 

V. we haye 

Vi we haye not 

V^ we haye not had 



£ we were 

C S> when there is 

"^v whether or not 

£ which would 

/ which would not be 

4 which it would be 

4 which it would haye 
V-v been 

P will not 

■ .% will not be 

( without doubt 

/ with which 

f with which it 

Ls with which it is not 






who are 



would be 



would not be 



^rf 



i fff TM T T»MiM>M» f fyim f f f f f m i mM»»»>ff ff ff ftif 



124 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

A word of caution is necessary against a too extensive 
use of phraseography ; it should never be allowed to 
destroy the lineality of the writing, nor make difficult 
joinings. In either case, time will be saved by remov- 
ing the pen from the paper, and commencing afresh. 

In phraseography, the, or some other unimportant 
word, is occasionally omitted; as, s — ■*' in the world; 
Vo for the sake of. The connective word and is 
sometimes written in connection with the following 
word, where it may be represented by a small horizontal 
stroke; _ and the, -, and which. 

Writing Exercise XXXVII. 

Note. — In the following exereise instead of repeating the initial words 
of phrases every time they are to be written, they are indicated by dashes; 
and the other words forming a phrase are connected by hyphens. 

01. 01-hiz, (01-z) — iz lost, — hwiq, — dis, — dat-iz-sed, 

— men, — daj, — sug-tirjz, — important. 

Ov. Ov-it, — hwiq, — suq, az-qr, — me, (mj,) 

— mjn, (men,) — da^r, — impertans, — hiz, — advcmtaj, 

— dis lqnd, — dat, — dem, — kors. 

On. On-el, suq, — ak^nt-ov, — mj, — us, — her, 

— daj, — hiz, sjd. 

Tu. Tu-it, — da), — be, — hav, bin, dun, 

— sum-ekstent, — luv, — him, — dat, — meni. 

Hod. H(D-iz-dis, — wud, not, — ma, not, 

(man't,) — kan, — no, — qr, not, (qrn-t.) 

Sud. 2ud-be, — not-be, — hav, — doo, — not-hav-sed, 
tink-dat. 

J. tE-am, — ma, — am -not, or ma-not, — dco, (had,) 

not, (don't, hadn't) — hav, not, (wid huk,) bin, 

— kan-not, — wil, — tirjk, — Jal, — never, — ned, 

not-sa, — hop, — f er, — beg, — ani-veri-sori-inded, — hop- 
yoD-wil-not-hav-rezn-tu-regret, — hav-no-d^t. 

H3". Efe-kiad, — kan, — iz dis, — meni, — ma, — so- 
ever, m mm 
Yod. Too-Jud, not, — kud, — kan, — yoD-ma, — wil, 

— qr, (r up-stroke) not, (qnrt,) — must, be.serten. 



^ 



ti »>*** 4* ** A « i < jt ^i t t>xt l * * * * il ^ < 



EXERCISE ON PHRASEOGRAPHY. 125 

We. We- wer, — da), — did, — hav, sen, — tirjk, 

— we Jal, — qr, (r up-stroke,) not, — find. 

Wid. Wid-it, — hwic,, — dis, — dat, — dem, — hwiq-ya)- 

qr-akwanted, — sue,-az-qr. m 

Wer. Wer-da, — we, — dat. Hwaj-iz, (hwaj'z) (r up- 
stroke.) 

Hwot. Hwot-iz, — wer, — wud, — dco, — if, — qr, — 
kud-be, posibli. 

Wud. Wud-y<D, — be, — da>, - — bav, — not, — not-hav- 
sed. 

B. Be-sed, — abl-tu. Bj-dis, — me, — meni, — sum- 
menz, — everi-menz, — sum-personz, — daj. 

T. Tt-iz, not, sed, soon, ( tbe last two 

witb a double circle,) mj, — ma, — kan, — kud, — 

wud. 0t-tu-be. At-sucj, — prezent, — de-sam-tjm. 

D. Doo-da, — not, ( don't,) d^t. 

©. Hwig-wud, — had, — kiad, — kan, — haz, bin, 

— iz-not, — qr, not, — ma, — mjt, — wil, (cj-1.) Hwig- 

it-iz, ma, wud, kud-not-hav. 

F. If-dat, — ya>, — da/, ( double-f above the line.) Fer- 

suq, az-qr, — hwig, — sum-tjm, — daj, (double-f on the 

line.) If -it- wer, be, iz, — — had. 

V. Hav-ycD, — bin, — had, — sed. Veri-gud, — grat, — 
sam, — serten, — wel, — soon, — mucj. Everi-pqrt, — wun, 

— person, — man. 

R. Rii)k-dat, — voqr, wil, ma. 

cL Widst-d-st, — hwiq, — sue). cEat-it, iz, 

haz-bin, woz, — qr, not, — iz-not, tu-be, 

— haz, — hwic,. cTa-wer, — dco, — had, — hav, — ma. clis- 

tjm, — da, — advantaj. cCqr-wud, — kan, — kud, 

not-hav-bin, — iz, (haz,) — Jal, — wil, — qr, sum-per- 
sonz, — ma. 

S. So-az, tu, — it-semz, — veri, — litl, — muc,, — 

meni. Sucj-wud, — iz, — az, qr, ma, kan, 

kud, hav, woz, — — wil. 

Z. Iz-it, not. Az-it, wud, woz, 

ma, — — haz. Az-gud, az, — grat, — — az, — fqr, 

— — az, — wel, — meni, — scon-az. Iz-not; haz-not. 
S. Xal-be, — hav, — do>, — find, — not. 
L. Wil, — not, — be, — hav, — fpd. 
K. Rr-ya>, — sumtimz, — sori, — not; — vcd qr veri, — 

- — trcoli. 

M. Ma-be, — hav, — da, — az-wel, — konsider. Mit-hav, 

— dis, — sem. Must-be, — trj, — dd), — kum, — go, — se, 



^"^ " M^iMflMtMMiUI 1*' *^^ 



126 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY. 

— not. Most-hapi, (mos'-hapi,) — likli, — impertant. 
Meni-tjmz, — tirjz, — mor, — ov-dem. 

N. In-el, — konsekwens, — fakt, — dis, — sug, — meni- 
tigz, — hiz. Eni-wun, — tig, — bodi. No-pqrt, — d^t, — 

rezn, — mor, tjm, — wun, — tin, ( in full.) N^-ser. 

Not, — be, — kwjt, — dat, — in, — onli, — n^, — non; ned- 
not. Ner-wer, — iz-dis, — qr. 

Writing Exercise XXXV. 

(In phraseography, and containing all the word-signs.) 
ON IMPRODVMENT. 

The following r in the construction of sentences, for the employment of 
all the word signs, was furnished for the early edition of Phonography 
by the Rev. John Hope, an English clergyman. It should be written and 
re-written, until every word can be put upon paper without hesitation. 
The words connected by hyphens should be written as phrases, without 
lifting the pen. 

Estabbfments fer-imprcovment and fer nolej in-jeneral, qr 
impertant tipz in a kirjdom; and demor so hwa t r it-iz yn^al 
wid dem tu aknolej gud prinsiplz. d Fonograiik establij- 
mentin partikyrjlar, iz an imsdiat advcmtaj tu everi jentlman 
er qjld, hoo iz a member ov-it, and tu el. Akerdii) tu jeneral 
opinyon, Fonografi iz a subjekt ws kud, and Jud hav ple3nr 
in; widst it, larjgwaj iz-not kwjt hwot-it- Jucl-be— a remqrk in- 
hwicj-daj-iz grat trooti, and tu-hwie, j-tirjk dqr-kan-be no objek- 
Jon. Agen, everi wun ha> baz tets hwicj-qr-der tu-him, er im- 
pertant tu-de wurld, iz keld upon tu ka.r f er-dem and improov 
dem, tu-ds ful, bwen he haz oportqnlti. Hit, er on hwot prin- 
sipl kan we be gud wids"t improDvment. Remember dat everi- 
tirj iz an objekt ov impertans dat kumz under it; and, beyond 
el, dat-de Ju^r wurd ov-de Lerd God woz givn fer-hnprooyment. 
Eud daj>be difikultiz in-de-wa ov-ycor inrproovment, and ov-de 
subj ek Jon ov-yoor natyiir tu Godz troot, den £ kel upon you, 
hwjl yoo-kan imprav, tu-doo-so. Gfter hwot j-hav told- yo> 'iqr- 
daj yet objekfonz tu it. Wer daj, an ak^nt ov-dem wud elredi 
bav-bin givn. Grat and gud tirjz kan-not kum tugeder widst 
improDvment. But Jud j be told-dat it mjt bav-bin so, from 
hwot I no ov-de jeneral spirit ov el, j tel-yoo de troot iz az j-hav 
givn it, ner kan ye objekt tu-it. In Jert, jentlmen, vcd et tu es- 
tablij it az yoor ferst prinsipl, dat-yoo-wil-not-giv up; but az yoo 
bav oportijniti, hwj not d co-el dat kan-be-dun toardz improDv- 
ment in everi-tirj in-dis-wurld; and Jud it-be-dun wel, yoo-wil 
giv ple3UT not tu me alon, but tu el. 



| W W f l | J | | J | J ■ | J I 1 I . . I I JL 1~ ^ J i 



■ * i I - I * * * II- 



AN EXTENDED ALPHABET. 



127 



€%tn)sti ^l^ahi 





Long Vowels. 


Short Vowels. 


1 


" j e earth, F.; le, F. 


7 


1 i ici, F. 


2 


: | a., e fair,^.; frere F. 


8 


1 e ete, .F. 


3 


: j a pate, F. 


9 


:| a, a ask, F.; patte, jP. 


4 


j o Konig, G. 


10 


1 o Bocke, G. 


5 


j eu deux, F. 


11 


'1 o bonne, F. 


6 


1 1 u rue, F. 


12 


il u Kiinste, G. 


Nasal Vowels. 


Consonants. 


13 


s^Js in fin, F. 


17 


_/-__ ch ich,Cr.;loch,#. 


14 


L_^ en en, danse,jP. 


18 


--f_ gh einig,. G. 


15 


^J^> un brun, F. 


19 


f 11 Llanelly, IF. 


16 


^s on bon, F I 


20 


t s? r amor, J. 



In tbe introduction to tbis work (See pp. 15, 16, 17,) 
it was shown that an accurate analysis of the English 
language gave forty-three elementary sounds, including 
the diphthongs necessary to be regarded as simple 
sounds; and in the writing exercises of the phonotypic 
edition this number of sounds are represented, although, 
on account of the greater simplicity of a six-vowel scale, 
three vowels, (e, ^ a,) have not been recognized in the 
phonographic exercises. 




128 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

For the benefit of such as may wish to be as precise 
in the representation of correct pronunciation in their 
writing as it is advisable to be in printing, three addi- 
tional signs for the English language are provided on 
the preceding page. Suitable signs are also given for 
the additional sounds used in the French and German, 
&c, which will enable those who understand these 
languages to employ Phonography in writing them. 

Nos. 1, 2, and 9, will be recognized as English by the 
words earth, air, ask. No. 6 is so near the close Eng- 
lish diphthong u in dwpe, that it may be used for that 
sound, leaving the sign n for the combination y% or yOJ. 
No. 11 is very near the New England o in stone, whole, 
&c, and may be used by them for its representation. 

The French nasal sounds, represented by in, en, em, 
an, mi, on, and heard in tin, No. 13; temps, No. 14; un, 
No. 15; pont, No. 16, are pure vowels, but pronounced 
through the nose, as well as through the mouth. Temps, 
for instance, contains but two sounds, namely, t and 
the 14th nasal vowel (c, d, r, s, t, when terminating 
French words, are generally silent). Enfant contains 
but three sounds ; namely, the consonant /, preceded 
and followed by No. 14. 

The Scotch guttural in loch, nicht, etc., and frequent, 
also, in German, Welsh, and other languages, is repre- 
sented by — "k, with a wave line through it. The vocal 
guttural, as in seig, is represented by the same sign 
thickened. 

The Welsh LI, which is the whispered form of the 
English I is represented by (C with a wave line struck 
through it. This sound is produced by placing the 
tongue in the position for uttering the English I, but 
emitting breath instead of voice. 



l-*--**^-*^--*. -*-■«■-» - <- ~ ^ - ' 



PROPOSED F AND V HOOK. 129 

| wpsifc f aitir v f 00L 

There are a few words which occur quite frequently 
in ordinary language, in which the down-stroke letters 
V^_ and V^ follow \ \ | | / ' / , and are themselves 
followed by other down-stroke signs, thus making lengthy 
and rather awkward forms; as in the words perfect, advo- 
cate, chieftain, &c. To avoid these objectionable forms, 
many Phonographers, both in this country and in Eng- 
land, have for years used the s7m-hook on the straight 
strokes above given, when followed by h, n, or ng, to rep- 
resent / and v ; thus — 

v- L U A ^ 

Instead of — 

This improvement, if such it may be called, has never 
been permanently incorporated into the system, partly 
because phonographers are opposed to submitting to the 
inconvenience of further changes ; and also on account 
of the fact, that it destroys the harmony of the s7m-hook. 
But as the abbreviation is of some advantage to the rapid 
writer, and will probably continue to be used more or 
less, we think it best to give this explanation, in order 
that the writing of those who use it may be readable to 
others. 

In using the / and v hook, it must be observed that it 
can only be written to the straight strokes, when followed 
by Jc, n, or ng, and that in these positions the hook never 
represents shn. 



130 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 

Jlmmtsn f fpnttik §taia&m. 

President — Benn Pitman, Cincinnati, 0. 
Secretary — Ellas Longley, " 

Treasurer — R. P. Prosser, " 

The object of the Association is the union and cooperation of the 
friends of Phonetic writing and printing in the United States and the 
Canadas. The members are divided into the following classes: — 

Class 1. Phonographers who teach the arts prof essionally or privately, 
who can not, on account of other duties, attend to the gratuitous correc- 
tion of exercises of learners through the post, but who are willing to an- 
swer letters of inquiry, or letters of Phonographers soliciting advice or 
information on matters connected with Phonography or Phonetics. 

Class 2. Phonographers who generously volunteer to correct the exer- 
cises of learners, through the post. 

Class 3. Phonographers who do their utmost to spread a knowledge of 
the Phonetic arts in private, but who are prevented by other duties from 
answering letters, or attending to the correction of exercises. 

Class 4. Phoneticians who do not write Phonography. 

Class 5. Honorary members. 

Phonographers of either class who write at the rate of 100 or more 
words per minute, are indicated, in the list of members, by the letter R, 
(Reporter.) 

Phonographers who wish to cultivate a correspondence with members 
of kindred sentiments, are indicated by the letter C, (Correspondent.) 

Conductors of and contributors to Ever-Circulating Magazines, are in- 
dicated by the letters E C, (Ever-Circulator. ) 

Honorary members are indicated by the *. 

Phonographers under sixteen years of age are indicated by the letter 
J, (Junior.) 

A President, Council and other Officers are elected annually by the 
members of the Association. 

The Council consists of fifty (inclusive of the Officers,) of those who 
are regarded as the most intelligent, earnest, and reliable American Pho- 
nographers and Phoneticians, to whom are submitted all matters of 
theory and practice on which an intelligent opinion may be desired, but 
on which the opinions of Phonographers might be divided. 

Persons of learning and distinction who favor the Phonetic principle 
may become Honorary members by the concurrence of any six members 
of the Council. 

Phonographers in the United States and the Canadas, and writers of 
Phonetic longhand, are eligible to membership on making a written ap- 
plication. Subscription of funds, voluntary. Membership renewed 
annually. 

Persons wishing to become members should address the Secretary, 
stating occupation or profession, and naming the Class in which they 
wish to be enrolled. 

IJ^p^The Constitution and Annual List of Members, in pamphlet form, 
may be obtained by addressing the Secretary and enclosing lOcts. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 131 


(Passed July 4 th, 1776.) 
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IMfl&EY BSCTII1S, Miners, 

No. 168 Vine Street, Cincinnati, 0. 

Ten years' experience in the Phonographic art, as Teacher and Re- 
porter, and for nearly the same period occupied, more or less, in preparing 
books for the press, give the author of the American Manual of 
Phonography the fullest assurance in presenting this work to the 
public. Since its first publication, it has undergone careful revision, and 
now appears in an entirely new dress, in every way adapted to the wants 
of the teacher and private learner. It differs from any other work pub- 
lished, in the following particulars: 

1. The explanatory matter is in large, clear type. 

2. The Phonographic Exercises are engraved in a bold, distinct style, 
that they may be as easily read by candlelight as daylight. 

3. The Reading and Writing Exercises are introduced just where the 
text requires them, whether it be on the same page or the opposite one. 

4. The Exercises to be written are printed in phonetic spelling, which, 
being fully explained, enables the learner to analyze accurately, and 
vocalize his writing correctly — two essentials to rapid progress and the 
attainment of a good style. 

5. Each lesson is closed with a review in the form of questions, which, 
as in all other text books on science, proves of great service to both learner 
and teacher. 

6. It contains more extensive lists of Contracted Words, and more 
Phraseography than any other work. 

7. Beside the above characteristic features, the American Manual 
possesses all the late improvements in Phonography, including the adapta- 
tion of the art to the writing of foreign languages. 

8. The American Manual is one -fourth larger than works of the kind 
usually are, more space being devoted to an exposition of the philosophy 
of the system, for the purpose of satisfying the student in regard to the 
necessity of the various contractions, etc. It is printed on the very best 
of paper, and is substantially and elegantly bound. 

PBIOES:— Single copies, in paper covers, 40 cts.; postage 4 cts. 

" in boards, 45 cts.; " Sets. 

'« in cloth. 50 cts,; * 8 cts. 

" in black sheep, 75 cts,; " Sets. 

Three to 10 copies at one-fourth less; 12 to 20 at one-third less; 

25 or more at half price. 



>tff^»f VVVV"¥W \ 



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ihliililnniitiMiiiitiittit^OdOii 



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TIPS OF THE TIMES 

% Iwrnal of % Mritrag axxtr Spelling iefnra, 

FOR 18 5 7. 

Vol. X. — 16 Large Double-Column Pages. — $1 a Year. 
Longley Brothers, Editors & Publishers, 

16 8£ Vine St., Cincinnati, O. 

The Type op the Times will hereafter appear semi-monthly, and will 
be devoted entirely to the cause of Phonetic Writing and Printing, in- 
cluding all its philosophical, educational and moral bearings. With the 
exception of an occasional article in exposition of the principles of the 
phonetic system, it will be printed exclusively in the new orthography, 
which, so far from being an obstacle to being read, will, on account of 
its simplicity and admirable consistency, make it more interesting than 
the ordinary spelling. The paper employed will be of the best book 
quality, and the printing very neatly executed, so that Spelling Reformers 
may be proud of the appearance of their cherished system. 

In illustrating the beauty and legibility of phonetic typography, we 
shall give in every number either an Original Story of unobjection- 
able moral bearing, a Sketch of Character, or a Biography ; also, 
Scientific articles that will be of general interest, together with the 
proper Miscellany and Poetry that are requisite to make the Type a 
favorite with all classes. 

Phonetic Lecturers and Teachers will receive especial attention in our 
columns, and they are respectfully solicited to favor us with brief notes, 
for publication, in reference to the persons or classes they teach, the 
schools where phonetic teaching is employed, &c. 

All friends of the Phonetic cause are solicited to act as Agents for the 
Type, in making strangers acquainted with its character, in soliciting for 
it their patronage, and in forwarding subscriptions. For their services 
they may retain 25 percent of the money; or, if they choose to forego the 
percentage, they may form clubs of four or more at 75 cts. each. 

Specimen copies will be forwarded, gratuitously, to any address. Also, 
parcels of this Prospectus, for distribution by letter. 

THE YOUTH'S FRIEND, 

A Monthly Illustrated Paper for Children, 

The Friend contains eight large three-column pages, is printed on 
the best of paper, and neatly ornamented. Its contents are designed to 
combine interest with instruction, and instruction with amusement ; and 
while they are of an eminently moral and elevating character, they are 
kept free from all sectarian bias. An appropriate piece of Music is given 
every alternate month ; and one page of every number is printed in pho- 
netic spelling, which renders it a most effectual means for promoting the 
love of a consistent orthography among the young people who are here- 
after to say whether the Spelling Reform shall become a reality. Let 
Phoneticians aid in giving it a large circulation, by sending subscribers 
at 50 cts.; three for $1,00: ten for $3,00: and twenty for $5.00. For every 
ten subscribers the Agent is entitled to an extra copy. \ddres? a= above. 



Published and Sold by Longley Brothers, Cincinnati, 0* 

THE SPELLING REFORM— Instituted to make universal education possi- 
ble, by rendering the arts of Reading and Writing pleasant and easy to acquire. 
Fhonottpy is a rational system of spelling words as they are pronounced, 
by employing an enlarged alphabet containing a separate letter for each sound, 
by which means the drudgery of learning to spell is entirely dispensed with, 
and learning to read is accomplished in one-fourth of the time required in the 
old way. Phonography is a truly philosophical method of writing the 
English Language, by an alphabet composed of the simplest geometrical signs, 
which accurately represent the sounds of spoken words. It may be written 
six times as fast as ordinary longhand, and is equally legible, and such is the 
simplicity of the art that its principles may be easily mastered even without the 
aid of a teacher. 



The first price is that charged at the counter: the second includes the 
prepayment of postage; a liberal reduction by tJie quantity. 



Phonotypic Works. 

Chart of the Phonotypic Alphabet, on a sheet 28 

by 42 inches, with a Key, 25 — 25 

The same, 36 by 50, with explanatory matter, and remarks on the 

acquisition of Good Reading, 50 — 54 

The same, on canvas and roller, 1,50 

Phonetic Primer, each letter illustrated with a 

letter suggestive of its sound, 5— 6 

First Phonetic Reader, containing simple and in- 
teresting reading lessons, 10 — 14 

Second Phonetic Reader, containing lessons 

of a more advanced grade. 20 — 25 

The Transition Reader, or a Course of Inductive 

Romanic Reading Lessons. For the use of Phonetic Readers in 
learning to read Romanically, 20 —25 

Biographies of the Presidents, with their Portraits. 

In paper covers, 30 — 35 ; in cloth, gilt lettering, 40 — 48 

New Testament, 12mo. edition, according to the 

authorized version. In cloth, 75—90; dark sheep, 85—1,00; morocco, 

gilt, $1,25—1,40 

Money-Getting and Money-Spending; a Prize Es- 
say of twenty-four chapters; a serious and reformatory work. In 
paper, 25—30; cloth, 40— id 

Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language; 

a complete work of 800 octavo pages, embracing also lists of Classi- 
cal, Geographical and Scriptural Names. $3,50 — 4,00 

Pronouncing Medical Lexicon, the definitions in 

the amnion spelling. An invaluable companion to Medical Students, 
readers of physiological and hygienic works. Cloth, 75 — 85; shsep, 85 — 1,00 

Phonetic Almanac, and Register of the Spelling 

and Writing Reform, together with a list of the American Phonetic 
Society, for the years 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855 and 1856. Tt9 



LONGLEY BROTHERS LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 

Phonetic Longhand Writer; exhibiting various 

styles of Penmanship, 10 — 11 

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by enclosing in letters written in phonetic longhand. Per dozen, 6 — 7 

School Credit Tickets. — A handsome and useful 

form of Credit Tickets, in Phonetic dress. The Ticket is adapted for 
Primary and District Schools. Per hundred, 40 

Type of the Times; a journal of the Writing and 

Spelling Reform. Printed in the new orthography. Semi-monthly. 

Per year, in advance, $1,00 

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devoted to the improvement of the young. Embellished with Por- 
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60 cents a year ; three copies, $1,00 ; ten copies, $3,00 ; twenty copies, $5,00 



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First Lesson in Phonography ; Containing the Al- 
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in an audience, &c. 1 ct. Per hundred, 50 — 69 

American Manual of Phonography ; being a com- 
plete exposition of Phonetic Shorthand, especially arranged so as to 
give the fullest instruction to those who have not the assistance of the 
oral teacher. In paper, 40 — 42 ; cloth, 50 — 56 

t^F" This instruction boolc is just published, and difers from any other 
worlc of the Mnd in this important particular: It thoroughly explains 
the Pnorudypic or new printing alphabet, and its exercises for lorit- 
ing are printed phonetically, ivhich enables the pupil to progress more 
correctly and rapidly than if printed in tlie oi'dinary mthography. 

BENN PITMAN'S PHONOGRAPHIC PUBLICATIONS. 

Manual of Phonography, 50 — 57, extra cloth, 60 — 67 
Phonographic Reader, engraved exercises, 25 

Cruise of the Tomtit; Second Reader, ditto, 25 

Manners Book, corresponding style, do. 75 — 81 

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Phonography, 1,00—1,07 

Copy Slips, a series of Phonographic exercises, 10 — 11 
Phonographer's Song, richly illustrated, 25 — -27 

Phon. Mag., for 1854, '55, '56, per vol, 1,25—1,36 

Phonographic Chart, in colors, 75 — 1,00 

Reporter's Companion; the adaptation of Phon. 

to verbatim reporting, 75 — 81, cloth, 1,00 — 1,07 

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Phon. Reporter for 1854, '55, '56, per vol, 1,25—1,36 



LONGLEY BROTHERS LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 



Phonetic Works in the Common Spelling. 

Introduction to Phonography, 16 pp.: an excellent 

document for presenting to a friend or a stranger to Phonography, 2—3 

Report on Phonetic Teaching, by the Committee of 

the Ohio State Teachers Association. 16 pages ; single copy 2 — 3 ; 

per dozen, 18 — 30 

Lecture on the Spelling Reform, delivered at the 

first meeting of the Ohio Phonetic Association, held at Columbus, Dec. 
20th, 1851. By L. A. Hine, Esq. Single copy, 2—3 cts.; per dozen, 30 

The Four "Ways of Teaching to Read. By Rev. 

Thos. Hill, Chairman of the School Committee of Waltham, Mass. 

16 pp., single copy 3 cts ; per dozen, 25 — 35 

Report of the Philadelphia High School on Phono- 
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This is the most complete and overpowering document in favor of the 
system ever published. 40 octavo pages, covered, 10 — 11 



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LONGLET BROTHERS' LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 



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necessary in a Book of Reference. To whica is added a Complete* List 
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Earth and Man; being a Vindication of Man's 

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Science and Man; being a Vindication of Man's 

Educational relations. By L. A. Hine. 208 pp. 50 — 56 

Currie Cummings; or, Love's Labor not Lost. 

A singularly interesting Reform Story. By L. A. Hine. 96 pp., 25 — 30 

The Practical Cook-Book ? containing recipes and 

directions for plain and superior Cookery on Hygienic principles. By 
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25—27, cloth, m 40-47 

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Chemically, Physiologically, and Statistically Considered. By Dr. J. 

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